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When PowerPoint was released by Forethought, its initial press was favorable; the Wall Street Journal reported on early reactions: ” ‘I see about one product a year I get this excited about,’ says Amy Wohl, a consultant in Bala Cynwyd, Pa.

On April 28, , a week after shipment, a group of Microsoft’s senior executives spent another day at Forethought to hear about initial PowerPoint sales on Macintosh and plans for Windows. The New York Times reported: [43]. Forethought makes a program called PowerPoint that allows users of Apple Macintosh computers to make overhead transparencies or flip charts. Forethought would remain in Sunnyvale, giving Microsoft a Silicon Valley presence.

The unit will be headed by Robert Gaskins, Forethought’s vice president of product development. Microsoft’s president Jon Shirley offered Microsoft’s motivation for the acquisition: ” ‘We made this deal primarily because of our belief in desktop presentations as a product category. Forethought was first to market with a product in this category.

Microsoft set up within its Applications Division an independent “Graphics Business Unit” to develop and market PowerPoint, the first Microsoft application group distant from the main Redmond location. A new PowerPoint 2. PowerPoint 3. This was at first an alternative to overhead transparencies and 35 mm slides, but over time would come to replace them.

PowerPoint had been included in Microsoft Office from the beginning. PowerPoint 2. A plan to integrate the applications themselves more tightly had been indicated as early as February , toward the end of PowerPoint 3. Another important question is what portion of our applications sales over time will be a set of applications versus a single product.

Please assume that we stay ahead in integrating our family together in evaluating our future strategies—the product teams WILL deliver on this. The move from bundling separate products to integrated development began with PowerPoint 4. When it was released, the computer press reported on the change approvingly: “PowerPoint 4.

The integration is so good, you’ll have to look twice to make sure you’re running PowerPoint and not Word or Excel. Although PowerPoint by this point had become part of the integrated Microsoft Office product, its development remained in Silicon Valley. Succeeding versions of PowerPoint introduced important changes, particularly version Since then major development of PowerPoint as part of Office has continued.

New development techniques shared across Office for PowerPoint have made it possible to ship versions of PowerPoint for Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, and web access nearly simultaneously, [ citation needed ] and to release new features on an almost monthly schedule. In , Jeff Raikes, who had most recently been President of the Business Division of Microsoft including responsibility for Office , [63] observed: “of course, today we know that PowerPoint is oftentimes the number two—or in some cases even the number one—most-used tool” among the applications in Office.

PowerPoint’s initial sales were about 40, copies sold in nine months , about 85, copies in , and about , copies in , all for Macintosh. Jeff Raikes, who had bought PowerPoint for Microsoft, later recalled: “By , it looked like it wasn’t a very smart idea [for Microsoft to have acquired PowerPoint], because not very many people were using PowerPoint.

This began to change when the first version for Windows, PowerPoint 2. Sales of PowerPoint 3. By PowerPoint sales had doubled again, to more than 4 million copies annually, representing 85 percent of the world market.

Since the late s, PowerPoint’s market share of total world presentation software has been estimated at 95 percent by both industry and academic sources. The earliest version of PowerPoint for Macintosh could be used to print black and white pages to be photocopied onto sheets of transparent film for projection from overhead projectors , and to print speaker’s notes and audience handouts; the next version for Macintosh, for Windows was extended to also produce color 35mm slides by communicating a file over a modem to a Genigraphics imaging center with slides returned by overnight delivery for projection from slide projectors.

PowerPoint was used for planning and preparing a presentation, but not for delivering it apart from previewing it on a computer screen, or distributing printed paper copies. Robert Gaskins, one of the creators of PowerPoint, says he publicly demonstrated that use for the first time at a large Microsoft meeting held in Paris on February 25, , by using an unreleased development build of PowerPoint 3.

By about , ten years later, digital projection had become the dominant mode of use, replacing transparencies and 35mm slides and their projectors. Although the PowerPoint software had been used to generate transparencies for over a decade, this usage was not typically encompassed by a common understanding of the term.

In contemporary operation, PowerPoint is used to create a file called a “presentation” or “deck” containing a sequence of pages called “slides” in the app which usually have a consistent style from template masters , and which may contain information imported from other apps or created in PowerPoint, including text, bullet lists, tables, charts, drawn shapes, images, audio clips, video clips, animations of elements, and animated transitions between slides, plus attached notes for each slide.

After such a file is created, typical operation is to present it as a slide show using a portable computer, where the presentation file is stored on the computer or available from a network, and the computer’s screen shows a “presenter view” with current slide, next slide, speaker’s notes for the current slide, and other information.

A smartphone remote control built in to PowerPoint for iOS optionally controlled from Apple Watch [82] and for Android [83] allows the presenter to control the show from elsewhere in the room. In addition to a computer slide show projected to a live audience by a speaker, PowerPoint can be used to deliver a presentation in a number of other ways:.

The standard form of such presentations involves a single person standing before a group of people, talking and using the PowerPoint slideshow to project visual aids onto a screen. In practice, however, presentations are not always delivered in this mode. In our studies, we often found that the presenter sat at a table with a small group of people and walked them through a “deck”, composed of paper copies of the slides.

In some cases, decks were simply distributed to individuals, without even a walk-through or discussion. Other variations in the form included sending the PowerPoint file electronically to another site and talking through the slides over an audio or video channel e.

Another common variation was placing a PowerPoint file on a web site for people to view at different times. They found that some of these ways of using PowerPoint could influence the content of presentations, for example when “the slides themselves have to carry more of the substance of the presentation, and thus need considerably more content than they would have if they were intended for projection by a speaker who would orally provide additional details and nuance about content and context.

PowerPoint Mobile is included with Windows Mobile 5. It is a presentation program capable of reading and editing Microsoft PowerPoint presentations, although authoring abilities are limited to adding notes, editing text, and rearranging slides.

It can’t create new presentations. In this version of PowerPoint users can create and edit new presentations, present, and share their PowerPoint documents. PowerPoint for the web is a free lightweight version of Microsoft PowerPoint available as part of Office on the web, which also includes web versions of Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word. PowerPoint for the web does not support inserting or editing charts, equations, or audio or video stored on your PC, but they are all displayed in the presentation if they were added in using a desktop app.

Some elements, like WordArt effects or more advanced animations and transitions, are not displayed at all, although they are preserved in the document. PowerPoint for the web also lacks the Outline, Master, Slide Sorter, and Presenter views present in the desktop app, as well as having limited printing options. PowerPoint was originally targeted just for business presentations.

Robert Gaskins, who was responsible for its design, has written about his intended customers: ” I did not target other existing large groups of users of presentations, such as school teachers or military officers. I also did not plan to target people who were not existing users of presentations Our focus was purely on business users, in small and large companies, from one person to the largest multinationals. PowerPoint use in business grew over its first five years to sales of about 1 million copies annually, for worldwide market share of 63 percent.

Not everyone immediately approved of the greater use of PowerPoint for presentations, even in business. At the same time that PowerPoint was becoming dominant in business settings, it was also being adopted for uses beyond business: “Personal computing The result has been the rise of presentation culture.

In an information society, nearly everyone presents. In , at about the same time that Gold was pronouncing PowerPoint’s ubiquity in business, the influential Bell Labs engineer Robert W. Lucky could already write about broader uses: []. A new language is in the air, and it is codified in PowerPoint. In a family discussion about what to do on a given evening, for example, I feel like pulling out my laptop and giving a Vugraph presentation In church, I am surprised that the preachers haven’t caught on yet.

How have we gotten on so long without PowerPoint? Over a decade or so, beginning in the mid s, PowerPoint began to be used in many communication situations, well beyond its original business presentation uses, to include teaching in schools [] and in universities, [] lecturing in scientific meetings [] and preparing their related poster sessions [] , worshipping in churches, [] making legal arguments in courtrooms, [] displaying supertitles in theaters, [] driving helmet-mounted displays in spacesuits for NASA astronauts, [] giving military briefings, [] issuing governmental reports, [] undertaking diplomatic negotiations, [] [] writing novels, [] giving architectural demonstrations, [] prototyping website designs, [] creating animated video games, [] creating art projects, [] and even as a substitute for writing engineering technical reports, [] and as an organizing tool for writing general business documents.

By , it seemed that PowerPoint was being used everywhere. Julia Keller reported for the Chicago Tribune : []. In less than a decade, it has revolutionized the worlds of business, education, science, and communications, swiftly becoming the standard for just about anybody who wants to explain just about anything to just about anybody else. From corporate middle managers reporting on production goals to 4th-graders fashioning a show-and-tell on the French and Indian War to church pastors explicating the seven deadly sins PowerPoint seems poised for world domination.

As uses broadened, cultural awareness of PowerPoint grew and commentary about it began to appear. Out of all the analyses of PowerPoint over a quarter of a century, at least three general themes emerged as categories of reaction to its broader use: 1 “Use it less”: avoid PowerPoint in favor of alternatives, such as using more-complex graphics and written prose, or using nothing; [17] 2 “Use it differently”: make a major change to a PowerPoint style that is simpler and pictorial, turning the presentation toward a performance, more like a Steve Jobs keynote; [18] and 3 “Use it better”: retain much of the conventional PowerPoint style but learn to avoid making many kinds of mistakes that can interfere with communication.

An early reaction was that the broader use of PowerPoint was a mistake, and should be reversed. An influential example of this came from Edward Tufte , an authority on information design, who has been a professor of political science, statistics, and computer science at Princeton and Yale, but is best known for his self-published books on data visualization, which have sold nearly 2 million copies as of In , he published a widely-read booklet titled The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint, revised in PowerPoint’s convenience for some presenters is costly to the content and the audience.

These costs arise from the cognitive style characteristics of the standard default PP presentation: foreshortening of evidence and thought, low spatial resolution, an intensely hierarchical single-path structure as the model for organizing every type of content, breaking up narratives and data into slides and minimal fragments, rapid temporal sequencing of thin information rather than focused spatial analysis, conspicuous chartjunk and PP Phluff, branding of slides with logotypes, a preoccupation with format not content, incompetent designs for data graphics and tables, and a smirky commercialism that turns information into a sales pitch and presenters into marketeers [italics in original].

Tufte particularly advised against using PowerPoint for reporting scientific analyses, using as a dramatic example some slides made during the flight of the space shuttle Columbia after it had been damaged by an accident at liftoff, slides which poorly communicated the engineers’ limited understanding of what had happened. Many commentators enthusiastically joined in Tufte’s vivid criticism of PowerPoint uses, [] and at a conference held in a decade after Tufte’s booklet appeared one paper claimed that “Despite all the criticism about his work, Tufte can be considered as the single most influential author in the discourse on PowerPoint.

While his approach was not rigorous from a research perspective, his articles received wide resonance with the public at large It’s like denouncing lectures—before there were awful PowerPoint presentations, there were awful scripted lectures, unscripted lectures, slide shows, chalk talks, and so on.

Much of the early commentary, on all sides, was “informal” and “anecdotal”, because empirical research had been limited. A second reaction to PowerPoint use was to say that PowerPoint can be used well, but only by substantially changing its style of use. This reaction is exemplified by Richard E. Mayer , a professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, who has studied cognition and learning, particularly the design of educational multimedia, and who has published more than publications, including over 30 books.

Instead, we have to change our PowerPoint habits to align with the way people learn. Tufte had argued his judgment that the information density of text on PowerPoint slides was too low, perhaps only 40 words on a slide, leading to over-simplified messages; [] Mayer responded that his empirical research showed exactly the opposite, that the amount of text on PowerPoint slides was usually too high, and that even fewer than 40 words on a slide resulted in “PowerPoint overload” that impeded understanding during presentations.

Mayer suggested a few major changes from traditional PowerPoint formats: [18]. Mayer’s ideas are claimed by Carmine Gallo to have been reflected in Steve Jobs’s presentations: “Mayer outlined fundamental principles of multimedia design based on what scientists know about cognitive functioning.

Steve Jobs’s slides adhere to each of Mayer’s principles Although most presentation designers who are familiar with both formats prefer to work in the more elegant Keynote system, those same designers will tell you that the majority of their client work is done in PowerPoint.

Consistent with its association with Steve Jobs’s keynotes, a response to this style has been that it is particularly effective for “ballroom-style presentations” as often given in conference center ballrooms where a celebrated and practiced speaker addresses a large passive audience, but less appropriate for “conference room-style presentations” which are often recurring internal business meetings for in-depth discussion with motivated counterparts.

A third reaction to PowerPoint use was to conclude that the standard style is capable of being used well, but that many small points need to be executed carefully, to avoid impeding understanding. This kind of analysis is particularly associated with Stephen Kosslyn , a cognitive neuroscientist who specializes in the psychology of learning and visual communication, and who has been head of the department of psychology at Harvard, has been Director of Stanford’s Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, and has published some papers and 14 books.

Kosslyn presented a set of psychological principles of “human perception, memory, and comprehension” that “appears to capture the major points of agreement among researchers. For this reason, Kosslyn says, users need specific education to be able to identify best ways to avoid “flaws and failures”: [].

Specifically, we hypothesized and found that the psychological principles are often violated in PowerPoint slideshows across different fields These studies converge in painting the following picture: PowerPoint presentations are commonly flawed; some types of flaws are more common than others; flaws are not isolated to one domain or context; and, although some types of flaws annoy the audience, flaws at the level of slide design are not always obvious to an untrained observer The many “flaws and failures” identified were those “likely to disrupt the comprehension or memory of the material.

Kosslyn observes that these findings could help to explain why the many studies of the instructional effectiveness of PowerPoint have been inconclusive and conflicting, if there were differences in the quality of the presentations tested in different studies that went unobserved because “many may feel that ‘good design’ is intuitively clear.

In Kosslyn wrote a book about PowerPoint, in which he suggested a very large number of fairly modest changes to PowerPoint styles and gave advice on recommended ways of using PowerPoint.

In fact, this medium is a remarkably versatile tool that can be extraordinarily effective. For many purposes, PowerPoint presentations are a superior medium of communication, which is why they have become standard in so many fields.

In , an online poll of social media users in the UK was reported to show that PowerPoint “remains as popular with young tech-savvy users as it is with the Baby Boomers,” with about four out of five saying that “PowerPoint was a great tool for making presentations,” in part because “PowerPoint, with its capacity to be highly visual, bridges the wordy world of yesterday with the visual future of tomorrow.

Also in , the Managerial Communication Group of MIT Sloan School of Management polled their incoming MBA students, finding that “results underscore just how differently this generation communicates as compared with older workers.

Two-thirds report that they present on a daily or weekly basis—so it’s no surprise that in-person presentations is the top skill they hope to improve. The trend is toward presentations and slides, and we don’t see any sign of that slowing down. Use of PowerPoint by the U. By , ten years after PowerPoint for Windows appeared, it was already identified as an important feature of U. Old-fashioned slide briefings, designed to update generals on troop movements, have been a staple of the military since World War II.

But in only a few short years PowerPoint has altered the landscape. Just as word processing made it easier to produce long, meandering memos, the spread of PowerPoint has unleashed a blizzard of jazzy but often incoherent visuals.

Instead of drawing up a dozen slides on a legal pad and running them over to the graphics department, captains and colonels now can create hundreds of slides in a few hours without ever leaving their desks. If the spirit moves them they can build in gunfire sound effects and images that explode like land mines.

PowerPoint has become such an ingrained part of the defense culture that it has seeped into the military lexicon. After another 10 years, in and again on its front page the New York Times reported that PowerPoint use in the military was then “a military tool that has spun out of control”: []. Like an insurgency, PowerPoint has crept into the daily lives of military commanders and reached the level of near obsession.

The amount of time expended on PowerPoint, the Microsoft presentation program of computer-generated charts, graphs and bullet points, has made it a running joke in the Pentagon and in Iraq and Afghanistan. Commanders say that behind all the PowerPoint jokes are serious concerns that the program stifles discussion, critical thinking and thoughtful decision-making.

Not least, it ties up junior officers The New York Times account went on to say that as a result some U. James N. He spoke without PowerPoint. McMaster , who banned PowerPoint presentations when he led the successful effort to secure the northern Iraqi city of Tal Afar in , followed up at the same conference by likening PowerPoint to an internal threat.

Several incidents, about the same time, gave wide currency to discussions by serving military officers describing excessive PowerPoint use and the organizational culture that encouraged it. Kosslyn sent a joint letter to the editor stressing the institutional culture of the military: ” The problem is not in the tool itself, but in the way that people use it—which is partly a result of how institutions promote misuse.

The two generals who had been mentioned in as opposing the institutional culture of excessive PowerPoint use were both in the news again in , when James N. Mattis became U. Secretary of Defense, [] and H. McMaster was appointed as U. National Security Advisor. It started off as a joke this software is a symbol of corporate salesmanship, or lack thereof but then the work took on a life of its own as I realized I could create pieces that were moving, despite the limitations of the ‘medium.

In Byrne toured with a theater piece styled as a PowerPoint presentation. When he presented it in Berkeley, on March 8, , the University of California news service reported: “Byrne also defended its [PowerPoint’s] appeal as more than just a business tool—as a medium for art and theater.

Berkeley alumnus Bob Gaskins and Dennis Austin Eventually, Byrne said, PowerPoint could be the foundation for ‘presentational theater,’ with roots in Brechtian drama and Asian puppet theater.

I was terrified. The expressions “PowerPoint Art” or ” pptArt ” are used to define a contemporary Italian artistic movement which believes that the corporate world can be a unique and exceptional source of inspiration for the artist. The wide use of PowerPoint had, by , given rise to ” PowerPoint Viewer is the name for a series of small free application programs to be used on computers without PowerPoint installed, to view, project, or print but not create or edit presentations.

The first version was introduced with PowerPoint 3. Beginning with PowerPoint , a feature called “Package for CD” automatically managed all linked video and audio files plus needed fonts when exporting a presentation to a disk or flash drive or network location, [] and also included a copy of a revised PowerPoint Viewer application so that the result could be presented on other PCs without installing anything.

The latest version that runs on Windows “was created in conjunction with PowerPoint , but it can also be used to view newer presentations created in PowerPoint and PowerPoint All transitions, videos and effects appear and behave the same when viewed using PowerPoint Viewer as they do when viewed in PowerPoint As of May [update] , the last versions of PowerPoint Viewer for all platforms have been retired by Microsoft; they are no longer available for download and no longer receive security updates.

PowerPoint Online. Early versions of PowerPoint, from through versions 1. A stable binary format called a. It was based on the Compound File Binary Format. The “. Binary filename extensions []. Binary media types []. XML filename extensions []. XML media types []. The standardization process was contentious. PowerPoint version The reason for the two variants was explained by Microsoft: []. The first objective was for the Open XML standard to provide an XML-based file format that could fully support conversion of the billions of existing Office documents without any loss of features, content, text, layout, or other information, including embedded data.

The second was to specify a file format that did not rely on Microsoft-specific data types. They created two variants of Open XML—Transitional, which supports previously-defined Microsoft-specific data types, and Strict, which does not rely on them.

The PowerPoint. Library of Congress. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Presentation application, part of Microsoft Office. For other uses, see Power point disambiguation. A photo presentation being created and edited in PowerPoint, running on Windows Office Beta Channel List of languages. PowerPoint for Mac version See also: History of Microsoft Office.

See also: Richard E. Mayer and Steve Jobs Keynotes. See also: Stephen Kosslyn. The Verge. Retrieved October 5, Archived from the original on August 28, Retrieved August 28, Microsoft Docs. App Store. Encyclopaedia Britannica. November 25, Archived from the original on October 8, Retrieved August 25, The program, initially named Presenter, was released for the Apple Macintosh in ISSN Archived from the original on May 24, Company News.

New York Times. CXXXV, no. July 31, October 1, Archived from the original on August 6, Retrieved August 24, Vinland Books.

ISBN Archived PDF from the original on June 24, Retrieved August 12, Technical Communication. Archived PDF from the original on August 9, For many years, Microsoft has led the market with its program PowerPoint. Wired UK. Archived from the original on August 15, Retrieved September 6, Additional archives: September 11, April 23, Revision 1. Archived from the original on June 17, Retrieved September 23, Oxford University Press. Communications of the ACM. S2CID Archived PDF from the original on January 7, Retrieved May 27, Wall Street Journal.

Archived from the original on August 22, Retrieved August 22, PowerPoint’s two creators Robert Gaskins was the visionary entrepreneur October 31, Archived from the original on November 2, Retrieved November 2, PowerPoint was not at all in their original plan.

Rather than liquidate the firm, management and investors decided to “restart” Forethought Forethought began to develop a software product of its own. This new effort was the brainchild of Robert Gaskins, an accomplished computer scientist who’d been hired to lead Forethought’s product development. PowerPoint History Documents. Archived PDF from the original on November 6, Retrieved August 21, Computer History Museum, Archive.

Archived from the original PDF on November 12, In October I joined Forethought Retrieved April 22, MS Invoice templates in Excel allow people to look online for a template that suits their purpose and simply download it for their use. Creating such brochures can be daunting but MS Brochure templates in Word make things easier for the user. All one has to do is find one online that fits their purpose and fill in the details.

Designing invitations can be time-consuming and sometimes one might be indecisive about the design and format.

MS Invitation templates in Word are available online in different designs and colors. The user simply has to pick a design that suits their purpose. There are many MS Label templates in Word online for such purposes. There are labels designed for marking our bottles and boxes and some designed to be stuck on the spine of a book.

Calendars are very useful in helping people keep track of their appointments and deadlines. A user need not create a calendar from scratch. They can simply download MS Word Calendar templates from the internet.

One can find a large collection of MS Word Newsletter templates online designed for different purposes. A user can simply look for the one that suits their needs.

However, the user can also create their template and store it, allowing them to use it for similar documents in the future. The user can find basic templates for every purpose.

One can make a resume in Word or a sales PowerPoint presentation or an invoice in Excel. Intel codeveloped the lightweight Moblin mobile Linux operating system following the successful launch of the Atom CPU series on netbooks. In , Nokia and Intel combined the Maemo and Moblin projects to form MeeGo, a Linux-based operating system supports netbooks and tablets. Android was the first of the s-era dominating platforms for tablet computers to reach the market. In , the first plans for Android-based tablets appeared.

The first products were released in Among them was the Archos 5, a pocket-sized model with a 5-inch touchscreen , that was first released with a proprietary operating system and later in released with Android 1.

The Camangi WebStation was released in Q2 This unit was called the Ultra, but a version called Vega was released around the same time.

Ultra had a 7-inch display while Vega’s was 15 inches. Many more products followed in Several manufacturers waited for Android Honeycomb , specifically adapted for use with tablets, which debuted in February Apple is often credited for defining a new class of consumer device with the iPad , [58] which shaped the commercial market for tablets in the following years, [59] and was the most successful tablet at the time of its release.

Internet users owned a tablet, used mainly for viewing published content such as video and news. Android tablet sales volume was million devices, plus 52 million, between and respectively. In tablet sales did not increase. Newer models were more expensive and designed for a keyboard and stylus, which reflected the changing uses.

Tablets can be loosely grouped into several categories by physical size, kind of operating system installed, input and output technology, and uses. The size of a slate varies, but slates begin at 6 inches approximately 15 cm. Mini tablets are smaller and weigh less than slates, with typical screen sizes between 7—8 inches 18—20 cm. The first commercially successful mini tablets were introduced by Amazon. They operate identically to ordinary tablets but have lower specifications compared to them.

On September 14, , Amazon, Inc. In November , Apple released the iPad Mini 2 , which remained at 7. Smartphones and tablets are similar devices, differentiated by the former typically having smaller screens and most tablets lacking cellular network capability.

Since , crossover touchscreen smartphones with screens larger than 5 inches have been released. That size is generally considered larger than a traditional smartphone, creating the hybrid category of the phablet by Forbes [93] and other publications. At the time of the introduction of the first phablets, they had screens of 5. Examples of phablets from and onward are the Samsung Galaxy Note series newer models of 5.

A 2-in-1 PC is a hybrid or combination of a tablet and laptop computer that has features of both. Distinct from tablets, 2-in-1 PCs all have physical keyboards , but they are either concealable by folding them back and under the touchscreen “2-in-1 convertible” or detachable “2-in-1 detachable”.

Some 2-in-1s have processors and operating systems like those of laptops, such as Windows 10 , while having the flexibility of operation as a tablet. Simple tablets are mainly used as media consumption devices, while 2-in-1s have capacity for both media consumption and content creation , and thus 2-in-1s are often called laptop or desktop replacement computers.

Some tablets are modified by adding physical gamepad buttons such as D-pad and thumb sticks for better gaming experience combined with the touchscreen and all other features of a typical tablet computer.

Most of these tablets are targeted to run native OS games and emulator games. Nvidia ‘s Shield Tablet , with an 8-inch mm display, and running Android , is an example. It runs Android games purchased from Google Play store.

PC games can also be streamed to the tablet from computers with some higher end models of Nvidia-powered video cards. Booklets are dual-touchscreen tablet computers with a clamshell design that can fold like a laptop.

Examples include the Microsoft Courier , which was discontinued in , [95] [96] the Sony Tablet P considered a flop , [97] and the Toshiba Libretto W Customized business tablets are built specifically for a business customer’s particular needs from a hardware and software perspective, and delivered in a business-to-business transaction.

For example, in hardware, a transportation company may find that the consumer-grade GPS module in an off-the-shelf tablet provides insufficient accuracy, so a tablet can be customized and embedded with a professional-grade antenna to provide a better GPS signal. Such tablets may also be ruggedized for field use. For a software example, the same transportation company might remove certain software functions in the Android system, such as the internet browser, to reduce costs from needless cellular network data consumption of an employee, and add custom package management software.

Other applications may call for a resistive touchscreen and other special hardware and software. A table ordering tablet is a touchscreen tablet computer designed for use in casual restaurants. Since , restaurant chains including Chili’s , [99] Olive Garden [] and Red Robin [] have adopted them. As of , the two most popular brands were Ziosk and Presto.

Two major architectures dominate the tablet market, [] ARM Ltd. The CPUs have been incorporated into tablet PCs over the years and generally offer greater performance along with the ability to run full versions of Microsoft Windows , along with Windows desktop and enterprise applications.

Non-Windows based x86 tablets include the JooJoo. Intel announced plans to enter the tablet market with its Atom in ARM’s licensing model supported this success by allowing device manufacturers to license, alter and fabricate custom SoC derivatives tailored to their own products. This has helped manufacturers extend battery life and shrink component count along with the size of devices. The multiple licensees ensured that multiple fabricators could supply near-identical products, while encouraging price competition.

This forced unit prices down to a fraction of their x86 equivalents. The architecture has historically had limited support from Microsoft, with only Windows CE available, but with the release of Windows 8, Microsoft announced added support for the architecture, shipping their own ARM-based tablet computer, branded the Microsoft Surface , as well as an x Intel Core i5 variant branded as Microsoft Surface Pro.

A key component among tablet computers is touch input on a touchscreen display. This allows the user to navigate easily and type with a virtual keyboard on the screen or press other icons on the screen to open apps or files. The first tablet to do this was the GRiDPad by GRiD Systems Corporation ; the tablet featured both a stylus , a pen-like tool to aid with precision in a touchscreen device as well as an on-screen keyboard.

This operation makes precise use of our eye—hand coordination. Since mids, most tablets use capacitive touchscreens with multi-touch , unlike earlier resistive touchscreen devices which users needed styluses to perform inputs. Many tablets support a stylus and support handwriting recognition.

Wacom and N-trig digital pens provide approximately DPI resolution for handwriting, exceeding the resolution of capacitive touch screens by more than a factor of Pressure is also used in digital art applications such as Autodesk Sketchbook. After , with access to capacitive screens and the success of the iPhone, other features became common, such as multi-touch features in which the user can touch the screen in multiple places to trigger actions and other natural user interface features, as well as flash memory solid state storage and “instant on” warm-booting ; external USB and Bluetooth keyboards defined tablets.

Most tablets released since mid use a version of an ARM processor for longer battery life. The ARM Cortex family is powerful enough for tasks such as internet browsing , light creative and production work and mobile games. Other features are: High-definition, anti-glare display , touchscreen, lower weight and longer battery life than a comparably-sized laptop, wireless local area and internet connectivity usually with Wi-Fi standard and optional mobile broadband , Bluetooth for connecting peripherals and communicating with local devices, ports for wired connections and charging, for example USB ports , Early devices had IR support and could work as a TV remote controller , docking station , keyboard and added connectivity, on-board flash memory , ports for removable storage, various cloud storage services for backup and syncing data across devices, local storage on a local area network LAN.

Tablets, like conventional PCs, use several different operating systems , though dual-booting is rare. Tablet operating systems come in two classes:. Desktop OS-based tablets are currently thicker and heavier. They require more storage and more cooling and give less battery life. They can run processor-intensive graphical applications in addition to mobile apps , and have more ports.

Mobile-based tablets are the reverse, and run only mobile apps. They can use battery life conservatively because the processor is significantly smaller.

This allows the battery to last much longer than the common laptop. Still, Android tablets have more use than iOS in virtually all countries, except for e. Android is a Linux -based operating system that Google offers as open source under the Apache license.

It is designed primarily for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Android supports low-cost ARM systems and others. The first tablets running Android were released in Android includes operating system, middleware and key applications. Other vendors sell customized Android tablets, such as Kindle Fire and Nook , which are used to consume mobile content and provide their own app store, rather than using the larger Google Play system, thereby fragmenting the Android market.

It is forked from Android. Fire OS primarily centers on content consumption, with a customized user interface and heavy ties to content available from Amazon’s own storefronts and services. Several devices that run Chrome OS came on the market in —, as tablets, or as 2-in-1s with touchscreen and degree hinge.

The iPad runs on iPadOS. The first iPad was released in Apple introduced multi-touch gestures, such as moving two fingers apart or together to zoom in or out, also termed pinch to zoom.

Following Windows for Pen Computing for Windows 3. Tablets running Windows could use the touchscreen for mouse input, hand writing recognition and gesture support. In , Microsoft released Windows 8 , which features significant changes to various aspects of the operating system’s user interface and platform which are designed for touch-based devices such as tablets. The operating system also introduced an application store and a new style of application optimized primarily for use on tablets.

Windows 10 replaced all earlier editions of Windows. Several hardware companies have built hybrid devices with the possibility to work with both Android and Windows Phone operating systems or in rare cases Windows 8. Windows and Android almost never cross-communicate, so any dual-OS device means dealing with separate apps, data, and storage pools and completely different UI paradigms. So from a consumer perspective, Microsoft and Google are really just saving OEMs from producing tons of clunky devices that no one will want.

Apps that do not come pre-installed with the system are supplied through online distribution. These sources, termed app stores , provide centralized catalogs of software and allow “one click” on-device software purchasing, installation and updates.

Mobile device suppliers may adopt a “walled garden” approach, wherein the supplier controls what software applications “apps” are available. Software development kits are restricted to approved software developers.

This can be used to reduce the impact of malware , provide software with an approved content rating , control application quality and exclude competing vendors. Around , tablet use by businesses jumped, as business began to use them for conferences, events, and trade shows.

In , Intel reported that their tablet program improved productivity for about 19, of their employees by an average of 57 minutes a day. A survey found that mobiles were the most frequently used object for play among American children under the age of Despite this, the majority of parents said that a mobile was “never” or only “sometimes” a toy.

Note: Others consists of small vendors with mostly less market share. By , Android tablet adoption had increased. The blue wavelength of light from back-lit tablets may impact one’s ability to fall asleep when reading at night, through the suppression of melatonin.

Those who have a delayed body clock, such as teenagers, which makes them prone to stay up late in the evening and sleep later in the morning, may be at particular risk for increases in sleep deficiencies. Because of, among other things, electromagnetic waves emitted by this type of device, the use of any type of electronic device during the take-off and landing phases was totally prohibited on board commercial flights.

On November 13, , the European Aviation Safety Agency EASA announced that the use of mobile terminals could be authorized on the flights of European airlines during these phases from onwards, on the condition that the cellular functions are deactivated “airplane” mode activated. Some French historical monuments are equipped with digital tactile tablets called “HistoPad”.

Some professionals — for example, in the construction industry, insurance experts, lifeguards or surveyors — use so-called rugged shelf models in the field that can withstand extreme hot or cold shocks or climatic environments.

Some units are hardened against drops and screen breakage. Satellite-connectivity-equipped tablets such as the Thorium X, [] for example, can be used in areas where there is no other connectivity. This is a valuable feature in the aeronautical and military realms. For example, United States Army helicopter pilots are moving to tablets as electronic flight bags , which confer the advantages of rapid, convenient synchronization of large groups of users, and the seamless updating of information.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Mobile computer with integrated display, circuitry and battery. For the computer input device, see graphics tablet. For other uses, see tablet. Main article: History of tablet computers. Main article: Phablet. Main article: 2-in-1 PC. See also: Comparison of tablet computers. Main article: Android operating system. Main article: Windows See also: App store.

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