[10] J. J. Monaghan. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Reports in Progress in Physics, 68(8)–, [11] J.P. Morris, P.J. Fox, and Y. Zhu. Images are embedded in a Microsoft Word document with additional information. stress was modeled in FLAC 3D (by Itasca inc), and then reapplied in the. Figure 2 provides a summary of the 10 steps for establishing the linkage process. Figure 2. Process for Motor Vehicle Crash Data Linkage. Amy soumphonphakdy, Feeding dogs broccoli, labuan ft, Ben 10 ultimate Security now windows 10, Rhymes for children volume 1, Dol posters ! Tc contender 44 mag 10, Celite tyre corporation vile parle, Montiget 4mg, Circle dancer Isa sp2 download microsoft, Casa cu amprenta de 70 mp.❿
 
 

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Structural culminations generally have a history of initial compressional folding with late in extensional collapse and accommodation faulting. The resulting complex trap configurations often have stacked reservoirs over intervals as thick as meters. Exploration, appraisal and development scenarios in these settings can be optimized by taking full advantage of integrating high resolution 3 – D visualization and seismic workstation interpretation. High resolution 3 – D visualization of horizon interpretation and seismic attributes from large 3 – D seismic surveys in deepwater Nigeria has greatly enhanced the exploration team’s ability to quickly recognize prospective segments of subregional and prospect specific scale areas.

Seismology is the primary tool for data-informed inference of Earth structure and dynamics. Simulating seismic wave propagation at a global scale is fundamental to seismology, but remains as one of most challenging problems in scientific computing, because of both the multiscale nature of Earth’s interior and the observable frequency band of seismic data.

We present a novel numerical method to simulate global seismic wave propagation in realistic 3 – D Earth models. It reduces the azimuthal dimension of wavefields by means of a global Fourier series parameterization, of which the number of terms can be locally adapted to the inherent azimuthal smoothness of the wavefields. AxiSEM 3 D allows not only for material heterogeneities, such as velocity, density, anisotropy and attenuation, but also for finite undulations on radial discontinuities, both solid-solid and solid-fluid, and thereby a variety of aspherical Earth features such as ellipticity, topography, variable crustal thickness, and core-mantle boundary topography.

Such interface undulations are equivalently interpreted as material perturbations of the contiguous media, based on the “particle relabelling transformation”. Efficiency comparisons show that AxiSEM 3 D can be 1 to 3 orders of magnitude faster than conventional 3 – D methods, with the speedup increasing with simulation frequency and decreasing with model complexity, but for all realistic structures the speedup remains at least one order of magnitude.

The observable frequency range of global seismic data up to 1 Hz has been covered for wavefield modelling upon a 3 – D Earth model with reasonable computing resources.

We show an application of surface wave modelling within a state-of-the-art global crustal model Crust1. Mount Etna: 3 – D and 4- D structure using seismic tomography. We investigate the time-varying structure of Etna, an active stratovolcano in eastern Sicily, using seismic tomography.

In volcanic systems, it is thought that the presence of fluids, cracks and pressurized gases can rapidly and drastically change the elastic properties of the host rocks. Recent work suggests that changes beneath Etna are detectable with seismic methods, and that these changes can be linked to volcanic activity.

Temporal changes to Earth structure are commonly investigated by carrying out separate tomographic inversions for different epochs. However, repeated inversions of the same area are expected to vary, even if the structure itself does not change.

This is due to variations in the seismic ray distribution and to observational errors. Potentially, changes between epochs which are due to experimental limitations can be misinterpreted as changes to the structure of the volcano. This code imposes constraints which minimise the differences calculated between two epochs.

The remaining structural variations are thus truly required to fit the data, and reflect changes which almost certainly exist between the two epochs. They cover a period which includes several eruptions, from 1st November to 31st December We divide our data into different epochs and invert two epochs simultaneously. The models show a seismically fast central region, surrounded by a slower outer region. This suggests a central system of dykes or sills surrounded by volcanic sediments and country rock.

At depths of km below sea level the seismically fast region is not below the summit crater but is offset to the southwest.

By monitoring the changes to the elastic parameters of the host rocks we observe temporal. Time-lapse 3 – D seismic imaging of shallow subsurface contaminant flow. This paper presents a physical modelling study outlining a technique whereby buoyant contaminant flow within water-saturated unconsolidated sand was remotely monitored utilizing the time-lapse 3 – D TL 3 – D seismic response. The controlled temperature and pressure conditions, along with the high level of acquisition repeatability attainable using sandbox physical models, allow the TL 3 – D seismic response to pore fluid movement to be distinguished from all other effects.

TL 3 – D seismic techniques are currently being developed to monitor hydrocarbon reserves within producing reservoirs in an endeavour to improve overall recovery. However, in many ways, sandbox models under atmospheric conditions more accurately simulate the shallow subsurface than petroleum reservoirs.

For this reason, perhaps the greatest application for analogue sandbox modelling is to improve our understanding of shallow groundwater and environmental flow mechanisms. Two fluid flow simulations were conducted whereby air and kerosene were injected into separate water-saturated unconsolidated sand models.

In both experiments, a base 3 – D seismic volume was recorded and compared with six later monitor surveys recorded while the injection program was conducted. Normal incidence amplitude and P-wave velocity information were extracted from the TL 3 – D seismic data to provide visualization of contaminant migration. Reflection amplitudes displayed qualitative areal distribution of fluids when a suitable impedance contrast existed between pore fluids.

TL 3 – D seismic reflection tomography can potentially monitor the change in areal distribution of fluid contaminants over time, indicating flow patterns. However, other research and this current work have not established a quantifiable relationship between either normal reflection amplitudes and attenuation and fluid saturation.

Generally, different pore fluids will have unique seismic velocities due to differences in compressibility and density.

The predictable. Hypocenter relocation using a fast grid search method and a 3 – D seismic velocity model for the Sumatra region. In this research, we have applied a Fast Grid Search FGM method and a 3 – D velocity model resulting from tomographic imaging to relocate earthquakes in the Sumatran region. The data were taken from the MCGA data catalog from to comprising of subduction zone and on land fault earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4 Mw.

Our preliminary results show some significant changes in the depths of the relocated earthquakes which are in general deeper than themore » depths of hypocenters from the MCGA data catalog. The residual times resulting from the relocation process are smaller than those prior to the relocation. Encouraged by these results, we will continue to conduct hypocenter relocation for all events from the MCGA data catalog periodically in order to produce a new data catalog with good quality.

We hope that the new data catalog will be useful for further studies. Landsliding is a worldwide common phenomenon. Every year, and ranging in size from very small to enormous, landslides cause all too often loss of life and disastrous damage to infrastructure, property and the environment. One main reason for more frequent catastrophes is the growth of population on the Earth which entails extending urbanization to areas at risk.

Landslides are triggered by a variety and combination of causes, among which the role of water and seismic activity appear to have the most serious consequences. In this regard, seismic shaking is of particular interest since topographic elevation as well as the landslide mass itself can trap waves and hence amplify incoming surface waves – a phenomenon known as “site effects”. Research on the topic of landsliding due to seismic and non- seismic activity is extensive and a broad spectrum of methods for modeling slope deformation is available.

Those methods range from pseudo-static and rigid-block based models to numerical models. The majority is limited to 2 D modeling since more sophisticated approaches in 3 D are still under development or calibration. However, the effect of lateral confinement as well as the mechanical properties of the adjacent bedrock might be of great importance because they may enhance the focusing of trapped waves in the landslide mass.

A database was created to study 3 D landslide geometries. It currently contains distinct seismically and non- seismically triggered landslides spread all around the globe whose rupture bodies were measured in all available details. Therefore a specific methodology was developed to maintain predefined standards, to keep the bias as low as possible and to set up a query tool to explore the database. Besides geometry, additional information such as location, date, triggering factors, material, sliding mechanisms, event chronology, consequences, related literature, among other things are stored for every case.

The aim of the database is to enable. Seismic modeling of Earth’s 3 D structure: Recent advancements. Global models of Earth’s seismic structure continue to improve due to the growth of seismic data sets, implementation of advanced wave propagations theories, and increased computational power. In my presentation, I will summarize seismic tomography results from the past years. I will compare the most recent P and S velocity models, discuss model resolution and model interpretation, and present an, admittedly biased, list of research directions required to develop the next generation 3 D models.

Poor boy 3 D seismic effort yields South Central Kentucky discovery. Clinton County, Ky. Clinton County has long been known for high volume fractured carbonate wells. The discovery of these fractured reservoir, unfortunately, has historically been serendipitous.

The author currently uses 2 D seismic and satellite imagery to design 3 D high resolution seismic shoots. This method has proven to be the most efficient and is the core of his program. The paper describes exploration methods, seismic acquisition, well data base, and seismic interpretation.

Saritas, H. The Western High and Cinarcik Basin is one of the major regions of geological interest which is the area close to the NAF where evidence of gas hydrates and gas escapes have been observed during previous scientific cruises. To understand movement of the NAF and origin of the gas , collecting data was focused on these areas by the latter cruises.

Computer-based interpretation and display of 3 D seismic data allow for more thorough analysis than 2 D seismic data. The objectives of this survey are; find gas strata and gas hydrate formation location in the western high, geological description of this area, understand tectonical movement related to dextral strike slip North Anatolian fault, focus on the mud volcano in which close to NAF, find gas hydrate and origin of the existing gas , and location of the gas escaping, investigate the creation of the Marmara Sea concerning with Western High.

Integrate good velocity. This paper presents a fast 3 D Three-Dimension palmprint capturing system and develops an efficient 3 D palmprint feature extraction and recognition method.

In order to fast acquire accurate 3 D shape and texture of palmprint, a DLP projector triggers a CCD camera to realize synchronization. By generating and projecting green fringe pattern images onto the measured palm surface, 3 D palmprint data are calculated from the fringe pattern images. The periodic feature vector can be derived from the calculated 3 D palmprint data, so undistorted 3 D biometrics is obtained. Using the obtained 3 D palmprint data, feature matching test have been carried out by Gabor filter, competition rules and the mean curvature.

Experimental results on capturing 3 D palmprint show that the proposed acquisition method can fast get 3 D shape information of palmprint. Some initial experiments on recognition show the proposed method is efficient by using 3 D palmprint data. Advanced computational tools for 3 – D seismic analysis. The CESAR effort is carried out in collaboration with world-class domain experts from leading universities, and in close coordination with other national laboratories and oil industry partners.

Seismic reflection the primary tool used in petroleum exploration and production, but use in geothermal exploration is less standard, in part due to cost but also due to the challenges in identifying the highly-permeable zones essential for economic hydrothermal systems [e. Louie et al. Newer technology, such as wireless sensors and low-cost high performance computing, has helped reduce the cost and effort needed to conduct 3 D surveys.

The second difficulty, identifying permeable zones, has been less tractable so far. Here we report on the use of seismic attributes from a 3 D seismic survey to identify and mapmore » permeable zones in a hydrothermal area.

Modelling and forecasting 3 D -hypocentre seismicity in the Kanto region. In addition, the stochastic reconstruction method is used when validating the results of the 3 D ETAS model, with results indicating that the shallow events are more productive and their aftershocks decay slightly faster in the time and epicentre dimensions.

We also study the changes of seismicity patterns before and after the Tohoku earthquake. The direct aftershocks of events from the post-Tohoku period are more diffusive in time and epicentre but more concentrated in depth.

The seismicity rate increases significantly following the Tohoku earthquake, especially along the interface of the subducting Pacific plate. The curve of cumulative background probabilities for events above M4.

However, the occurrence rates of smaller events from M2. Finally, we verify that the 3 D model can reproduce the focal depths better than the 2 D model and improve the forecasting performance.

Quaternary evolution of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet from 3 D seismic data. The Quaternary seismic stratigraphy and architecture of the mid-Norwegian continental shelf and slope are investigated using extensive grids of marine 2 D and 3 D seismic reflection data that cover more than , km2 of the continental margin.

At least 26 distinct regional palaeo-surfaces have been interpreted within the stratigraphy of the Quaternary Naust Formation on the mid-Norwegian margin.

Multiple assemblages of buried glacigenic landforms are preserved within the Naust Formation across most of the study area, facilitating detailed palaeo-glaciological reconstructions.

We document a marine-terminating, calving Fennoscandian Ice Sheet FIS margin present periodically on the Norwegian shelf since at least the beginning of the Quaternary. Elongate, streamlined landforms interpreted as mega-scale glacial lineations MSGLs have been found within the upper part of the Naust sequence N 1. Shifts in the location of depocentres and direction of features indicative of fast ice-flow suggest that several reorganisations in the FIS drainage have occurred since 1.

Subglacial landforms reveal a complex and dynamic ice sheet, with converging palaeo-ice streams and several flow-switching events that may reflect major changes in topography and internal ice-sheet structure. Lack of subglacial meltwater channels suggests a largely distributed, low-volume meltwater system that drained the FIS through permeable subglacial till without leaving much erosional evidence.

This regional palaeo-environmental examination of the FIS provides a useful framework for ice-sheet modelling and shows that fragmentary preservation of buried surfaces and variability of ice-sheet dynamics should be taken into account when reconstructing glacial history from spatially limited datasets. High-resolution 3 D seismic imaging of a pull-apart basin in the Gulf of Cadiz. The P-Cable system, a cost-efficient set-up for fast acquisition of 3 D seismic data on 12 single-channel streamers, was utilized to acquire seismic cubes at four different targets.

Initial processing has included: 1 spatial positioning of each recording channel from GPS data acquired on the outer two channels, 2 improved positioning of shot points and channels from the inversion of first arrival times, 3 application of a swell filter to improve reflection coherency, 4 CDP binning and stacking and 5 migration.

The new data confirm that the southeastern Gulf of Cadiz north of the Rharb submarine valley is structurally controlled by numerous strike slip faults that were active until quite recently within the resolution of the data. Given the location of this basin, between the extensional domain on the upper slope and the compressional toe of the accretionary wedge, we interpret the origin to be gravitational sliding on a detachment layer, possibly containing salt, but at this stage not imaged by our profiles.

During the last few years rapid steps have been taken towards drilling for oil in the western Mediterranean sea. Since most of the countries in the region benefit mainly from tourism and considering that the Mediterranean is a closed sea only replenishing its water once every ninety years careful measures are being taken to ensure safe drilling.

In that concept this research work attempts to derive a three dimensional model of the seismically active parts of the underlying underground faults in areas of petroleum interest. For that purpose seismic spatio-temporal clustering has been applied to seismic data to identify potential distinct seismic regions in the area of interest.

Results have been coalesced with two dimensional maps of underground faults from past surveys and seismic epicentres, having followed careful reallocation processing, have been used to provide information regarding the vertical extent of multiple underground faults in the region of interest.

The end product is a three dimensional map of the possible underground location and extent of the seismically active parts of underground faults.

Indexing terms: underground faults modelling, seismic data mining, 3 D visualisation, active seismic source mapping, seismic hazard evaluation, dangerous phenomena modelling Acknowledgment This research work is supported by the ESPA Operational Programme, Education and Life Long Learning, Students Practical Placement Initiative. References [1] Alves, T. The seismic method is a valuable tool for getting 3 D -images from the subsurface.

Seismic data acquisition today is not only a topic for oil and gas exploration but is used also for geothermal exploration, inspections of nuclear waste sites and for scientific investigations. The system presented in this contribution may also have an impact on the visualization of 3 D -data of other geophysical methods.

They are a combination of individual vertical cuts, possibly linked to a cubical portion of the data volume, and the stereoscopic view of the seismic data. By these methods, the spatial perception for the structures and thus of the processes in the subsurface should be increased. Stereoscopic techniques are e. The aim of the interpretation system shown here is stereoscopic visualization of seismic data at the workplace, i.

The possibilities offered by the use of a stereoscopic system do not replace a conventional interpretation workflow. Rather they have to be implemented into it as an additional step.

The amplitude distribution of the seismic data is a challenge for the stereoscopic display because the opacity level and the scaling and selection of the data have to. Walker Ranch 3 D seismic images. Amplitude images both vertical and depth slices extracted from 3 D seismic reflection survey over area of Walker Ranch area adjacent to Raft River. Crossline spacing of feet and inline of feet using a Vibroseis source. Processing included depth migration. Micro-earthquake hypocenters on images. Stratigraphic information and nearby well tracks added to images.

Images are embedded in a Microsoft Word document with additional information. Exact location and depth restricted for proprietary reasons. Data collection and processing funded by Agua Caliente.

Original data remains property of Agua Caliente. Using 3 D visualization and seismic attributes to improve structural and stratigraphic resolution of reservoirs. Recent advances in hardware and software have given the interpreter and engineer new ways to view 3 D seismic data and well bore information.

Recent papers have also highlighted the use of various statistics and seismic attributes. By combining new 3 D rendering technologies with recent trends in seismic analysis, the interpreter can improve the structural and stratigraphic resolution of hydrocarbon reservoirs.

This paper gives several examples using 3 D visualization to better define both the structural and stratigraphic aspects of several different structural types from around the world.

Statistics, 3 D visualization techniques and rapid animation are used to show complex faulting andmore » detailed channel systems. These systems would be difficult to map using either 2 D or 3 D data with conventional interpretation techniques.

In this work we are going to show the advantages of a dynamic tomography 4 D , versus a static image 3 D related with a volcanic reactivation and eruption at El Hierro island Canary Islands, Spain. In this process a high number of earthquakes before and during the eruptive processes have been registered. We are going to show a 3 D image as an average of the velocity structure and then the characteristics and physical properties on the medium, including the presence or not of magma.

This image will be complemented with its evolution along the time, observing its volcanic dynamic and its influence over the medium properties, including its power as an important element on early warnings protocols. Since this moment an intense swarm took place, with more than events, until 11th December, with magnitudes MLg from 0. In this period two eruptive processes have been declared in front of the South coast of El Hierro island, and they have not finished yet.

This seismic swarm has allowed carrying out a 3 D seismic tomography, using P and S waves traveltimes. It has showed a low velocity from the North to the South. On the other hand, we have performed a 4 D seismic tomography, taking the events occurred at different intervals of time. We can observe the evolution of the negative anomaly along the time, from the North to the South, where has taken place La Restinga submarine eruption.

We present a new, computationally efficient numerical method to simulate global seismic wave propagation in realistic 3 – D Earth models with laterally heterogeneous media and finite boundary perturbations.

Our method is a hybrid of pseudo-spectral and spectral element methods SEM. We characterize the azimuthal dependence of 3 – D wavefields in terms of Fourier series, such that the 3 – D equations of motion reduce to an algebraic system of coupled 2- D meridional equations, which can be solved by a 2- D spectral element method based on www.

Computational efficiency of our method stems from lateral smoothness of global Earth models with respect to wavelength as well as axial singularity of seismic point sources, which jointly confine the Fourier modes of wavefields to a few lower orders.

All boundary perturbations that violate geometric spherical symmetry, including Earth’s ellipticity, topography and bathymetry, undulations of internal discontinuities such as Moho and CMB, are uniformly considered by means of a Particle Relabeling Transformation.

We show novel benchmarks for global wave solutions in 3 – D mantle structures between our method and an independent, fully discretized 3 – D SEM with remarkable agreement. Performance comparisons are carried out on three state-of-the-art tomography models, with seismic period going down to 5s. It is shown that our method runs up to two orders of magnitude faster than the 3 – D SEM for such settings, and such computational advantage scales favourably with seismic frequency.

By examining wavefields passing through hypothetical Gaussian plumes of varying sharpness, we identify in model-wavelength space the limits where our method may lose its advantage.

Multi-hole seismic modeling in 3 – D space and cross-hole seismic tomography analysis for boulder detection. A boulder stone, a common geological feature in south China, is referred to the remnant of a granite body which has been unevenly weathered.

Undetected boulders could adversely impact the schedule and safety of subway construction when using tunnel boring machine TBM method. Therefore, boulder detection has always been a key issue demanded to be solved before the construction. Nowadays, cross-hole seismic tomography is a high resolution technique capable of boulder detection, however, the method can only solve for velocity in a 2- D slice between two wells, and the size and central position of the boulder are generally difficult to be accurately obtained.

In this paper, the authors conduct a multi-hole wave field simulation and characteristic analysis of a boulder model based on the 3 – D elastic wave staggered-grid finite difference theory, and also a 2- D imaging analysis based on first arrival travel time.

The results indicate that 1 full wave field records could be obtained from multi-hole seismic wave simulations. Simulation results describe that the seismic wave propagation pattern in cross-hole high-velocity spherical geological bodies is more detailed and can serve as a basis for the wave field analysis. The received diffracted wave interferes with the primary wave and in consequence the picked first arrival travel time is not derived from the profile, which results in a false appearance of high-velocity geology features.

Finally, the results of 2- D analysis in 3 – D modeling space are comparatively analyzed with the physical model test vis-a-vis the effect of high velocity body on the seismic tomographic measurements. Interpretation of the 3 D seismic data resulted in a detailed image of the reef, using several interpretive techniques.

A seismic reflection within the reef was correlated with a known porosity zone, and the relationship between porosity and seismic amplitude was investigated. A possible connection between the main reef and the low relief gas well was identified.

This project illustrates the economic value of investigating an existing storage reef with 3 D seismic data, and underscores the necessity of acquiring such a survey prior to developing a new storage reservoir.

Goals of the survey were to 1 determine if additional storage capacity could be found either as extensions to the Ray reef or as undiscovered satellite reefs, 2 investigate the relationship between the main body and a low-relief gas well east of the reef, and 3 determine if seismic data can be used to quantify reservoir parameters to maximize the productive capacity of infillmore » wells.

Interpretation of the 3 – D seismic data resulted in a detailed image of the reef, using several interpretive techniques. A seismic reflection within the reef was correlated with a known porosity zone, and a possible relationship between porosity and seismic amplitude was investigated. A potential connection between the main reef and the low-relief gas well was identified. This project illustrates the economic value of investigating an existing storage reef with 3 – D seismic data, and underscores the necessity of such a survey prior to developing a new storage reservoir.

True-triaxial experimental seismic velocities linked to an in situ 3 D seismic velocity structure. Upscaling from laboratory seismic velocities to in situ field seismic velocities is a fundamental problem in rock physics. This study presents a unique situation where a 3 D velocity structure of comparable frequency ranges is available both in situ and experimentally. The velocity survey and oriented, cubic rock sample, are from the m level of the mine, where the geology is a homogeneous and isotropic granite.

The triaxial in situ stress field at this level was determined and the Mine-by tunnel was excavated horizontally to maximize borehole break out. Ultrasonic velocity measurements for P-, S1-,and S2-waves were done in the tunnel sidewall, ceiling and far-field rock mass. The cubic 80 mm granite sample was prepared oriented to the in situ principle stress axis in the field.

The stress path of the sample extraction from in situ stress was modeled in FLAC 3 D by Itasca inc , and then reapplied in the GIC to obtain the laboratory velocities at in situ stress. The theory of acoustoelasticity, the dependence of acoustic wave velocity on stresses in the propagating isotropic medium, is applied to the borehole hoop and radial stresses produced by the Mine-by tunnel. The acoustoelastic effect involves determining the linear second-order and nonlinear third-order elastic constants, which are derived from the velocity-stress slopes.

New comprehensive standard seismic noise models and 3 D seismic noise variation for Morocco territory, North Africa, obtained using seismic broadband stations. In the current work, we constructed new comprehensive standard seismic noise models and 3 D temporal-spatial seismic noise level cubes for Morocco in north-west Africa to be used for seismological and engineering purposes.

Consequently, this preliminary study was conducted to shed light on seismic noise levels specific to north-west Africa. For this purpose, 23 broadband seismic stations recently installed in different structural domains throughout Morocco are used to study the nature and characteristics of seismic noise and to create seismic noise models for Morocco.

Continuous data recorded during , and were processed and analysed to construct these new noise models and 3 D noise levels from all stations. This variation is attributed to differences in the nature of seismic noise sources that dominate Morocco in these period bands. The results of this study have a new perception about permanent seismic noise models for this spectacular region and can be considered a significant contribution because it supplements the Peterson models and can also be used to site future permanent seismic stations in Morocco.

Absolute earthquake locations using 3 – D versus 1- D velocity models below a local seismic network: example from the Pyrenees. Theunissen, T. Local seismic networks are usually designed so that earthquakes are located inside them primary azimuthal gap seismic stations km. Moving towards 3 – D location algorithms requires robust 3 – D velocity models.

This work takes advantage of seismic monitoring spanning more than 30 yr in the Pyrenean region. We investigate the influence of a well-designed 3 – D model with station corrections including basins structure and the geometry of the Mohorovicic discontinuity on earthquake locations.

The horizontal accuracy in the 1- D case can be higher than in the 3 – D case if lateral variations in the structure are not properly resolved.

Errors on velocity models and accuracy of absolute earthquake locations are assessed based on a reference data set made of active seismic , quarry blasts and passive temporary experiments. Some updates have been added to NLLoc to better focus on the final solution outlier exclusion, multiscale grid search, S-phases weighting. Errors in the probabilistic approach are defined to take into account errors on velocity models and on arrival times.

The seismicity in the final 3 – D catalogue is located with a horizontal uncertainty of about 2. Noises and data gaps complicate the seismic data processing and subsequently cause difficulties in the geological interpretation.

We discriminated the noises from single individual time slices of 3 D volumes by analyzing Eigen triplets of the trajectory matrix. We first tested the efficacy of the method on 3 D synthetic seismic data contaminated with noise and then applied to the post stack seismic reflection data acquired from the Sleipner CO2 storage site pre and post CO2 injection from Norway.

The bright spots identified in the de-noised data indicate upward migration of CO2 towards the top of the Utsira formation. In this paper, measurements show fast ion losses correlated with applied three-dimensional 3 D fields in a variety of plasmas ranging from L-mode to resonant magnetic perturbation RMP edge localized mode ELM suppressed H-mode discharges. Garrison Charles A. Gilman Other Citizens Anoka County. Arnold S. Ridge J. Green S. Haskell M.

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Ruel Weston and was soon in readiness for the journey. But a few days before the time agreed upon for leaving, I received a letter from Simeon Goodrich, which contained the unpleasant information that he could not collect the amount due him and could not go with me.

Truly this was a disappointment. I was obliged to set out alone, no light undertaking at that early day, for as yet there were no long lines of railroad between Maine and the Mississippi river. The day at last arrived for me to start. My companions and acquaintances chaffed me as to the perils of the journey before me.

My mother gave me her parting words, “William, always respect yourself in order to be respected. The stage took us directly to the steamboat at Gardiner.

The steam was up and the boat was soon under way. It was the New England, the first boat of the kind I had ever seen. I felt strangely unfamiliar with the ways of the traveling world, but observed what others did, and asked no questions, and so fancied that my ignorance of traveling customs would not be exposed.

It was sunset as we floated out into the wide expanse of the Atlantic. The western horizon was tinged with fiery hues, the shores grew fainter and receded from view and the eye could rest at last only upon the watery expanse. All [Pg 2] things seemed new and strange. Next morning a heavy fog hung over the scene. The vessel was at anchor in Boston harbor and we were soon on shore and threading the crooked streets of the capital of Massachusetts.

I was not lost in the wilderness maze of streets, as I had feared I should be, but on leaving Boston on the evening train I took the wrong car and found myself uncomfortably situated in a second or third class car, crowded and reeking with vile odors, from which the conductor rescued me, taking me to the pleasant and elegant car to which my first class ticket entitled me.

On arriving at Providence I followed the crowd to the landing and embarked on the steamer President for New York, in which city we remained a day, stopping at the City Hotel on Broadway. I was greatly impressed with the beauty of part of the city, and the desolate appearance of the Burnt District, concerning the burning of which we had read in our winter camp. I was not a little puzzled with the arrangement of the hotel tables and the printed bills of fare, but closely watched the deportment of others and came through without any serious or mortifying blunder.

Stevens for Albany, and on the evening of the same day went to Schenectady by railroad. Some of the way cars were hauled by horses up hills and inclined planes. There were then only three short lines of railroad in the United States, and I had traveled on two of them.

At Schenectady I took passage on a canal boat to Buffalo. I had read about “De Witt Clinton’s Ditch,” and now greatly enjoyed the slow but safe passage it afforded, and the rich prospect of cities, villages and cultivated fields through which we passed. At Buffalo we remained but one day. We there exchanged eastern paper for western, the former not being current in localities further west. At Buffalo I caught my first glimpse of Lake Erie. I stood upon a projecting pier and recalled, in imagination, the brave Commodore Perry, gallantly defending his country’s flag in one of the most brilliant engagements of the war, the fame whereof had long been familiar to the whole country and the thrilling incidents of which were the theme of story and song even in the wilderness camps of Maine.

The steamer Oliver Newberry bore me from Buffalo to Detroit. From Detroit to Mt. Clemens, Michigan, I went by stage and stopped at the last named place until October 14th, when, being [Pg 3] satisfied that the climate was unhealthy, fever and ague being very prevalent, I returned to Detroit, and on the fifteenth of the same month took passage on the brig Indiana, as steamers had quit running for the season. The brig was aground two days and nights on the St.

Clair flats. A south wind gave us a splendid sail up the Detroit river into Lake Huron. We landed for a short time at Fort Gratiot, at the outlet of the lake, just as the sun was setting. The fort was built of stone, and presented an impressive appearance. The gaily uniformed officers, the blue-coated soldiers, moving with the precision of machines, the whole scene—the fort, the waving flags, the movement of the troops seen in the mellow sunset light—was impressive to one who had never looked upon the like before.

A favorable breeze springing up, we sped gaily out into the blue Lake Huron. At Saginaw bay the pleasant part of the voyage ended. The weather became rough. A strong gale blew from the bay outward, and baffled all the captain’s skill in making the proper direction. Profane beyond degree was Capt. McKenzie, but his free-flowing curses availed him nothing. The brig at one time was so nearly capsized that her deck load had rolled to one side and held her in an inclined position.

The captain ordered most of the deck load, which consisted chiefly of Chicago liquors, thrown overboard. Unfortunately, several barrels were saved, two of which stood on deck, with open heads. This liquor was free to all. The vessel, lightened of a great part of her load, no longer careened, but stood steady against the waves and before the wind.

It is a pity that the same could not be said of captain, crew and passengers, who henceforth did the careening. They dipped the liquor up in pails and drank it out of handled dippers. They got ingloriously drunk; they rolled unsteadily across the deck; they quarreled, they fought, they behaved like Bedlamites, and how near shipwreck was the goodly brig from that day’s drunken debauch on Chicago free liquor will never be known.

The vessel toiled, the men were incapacitated for work, but notwithstanding the tempest of profanity and the high winds, the wrangling of crew and captain, we at last passed Saginaw bay.

The winds were more favorable. Thence to Mackinaw the sky was clear and bright, the air cold. The night before reaching Mackinaw an unusual disturbance occurred above resulting from the abundance of free liquor. The cook, being [Pg 4] drunk, had not provided the usual midnight supper for the sailors.

The key of the caboose was lost; the caboose was broken open, and the mate in the morning was emulating the captain in the use of profane words. The negro cook answered in the same style, being as drunk as his superior. This cook was a stout, well built man, with a forbidding countenance and, at his best, when sober, was a saucy, ill-natured and impertinent fellow.

When threat after threat had been hurled back and forth, the negro jumped at the mate and knocked him down. The sailors, as by a common impetus, seized the negro, bound him tightly and lashed him to a capstan.

On searching him they found two loaded pistols. These the mate placed close to each ear of the bound man, and fired them off. They next whipped him on the naked back with a rope. His trunk was then examined and several parcels of poison were found. Another whipping was administered, and this time the shrieks and groans of the victim were piteous. Before he had not even winced. The monster had prepared himself to deal death alike to crew and passengers, and we all felt a great sense of relief when Capt.

McKenzie delivered him to the authorities at Mackinaw. Antique Mackinaw was a French and half-breed town. The houses were built of logs and had steep roofs.

Trading posts and whisky shops were well barred. The government fort, neatly built and trim, towered up above the lake on a rocky cliff and overlooked the town, the whole forming a picturesque scene.

We remained but a few hours at Mackinaw. There were ten cabin passengers, and these, with two exceptions, had imbibed freely of the Chicago free liquor. They were also continually gambling. McKenzie had fought a fist fight with a deadhead passenger, Capt. Fox, bruising him badly. What with his violence and profanity, the brutality of the mate and the drunken reveling of crew and passengers, the two sober passengers had but a sorry time, but the safe old brig, badly officered, badly managed, held steadily on its course, and October 30th, fifteen days from Detroit, safely landed us in Chicago.

After being so long on the deck of a tossing vessel, I experienced a strange sensation when first on shore. I had become accustomed to the motion of the vessel, and had managed to hold myself steady. On shore the pitching and tossing movement seemed to continue, only it seemed transferred to my head, [Pg 5] which grew dizzy, and so produced the illusion that I was still trying to balance myself on the unsteady deck of the ship.

Chicago, since become a great city, had at that time the appearance of an active, growing village. Thence I proceeded, November 1st and 2d, by stage to Milwaukee, which appeared also as a village, but somewhat overgrown. Idle men were numerous, hundreds not being able to obtain employment. Here I remained a couple of weeks, stopping at the Belleview House. After which I chopped wood a few days for Daniel Wells. Not finding suitable employment, I started west with a Mr. Rogers, December 2d.

There being no other means of conveyance, we traveled on foot. On the evening of the second we stopped at Prairie Village, now known as Waukesha. On the evening of the third we stopped at Meacham’s Prairie, and on the fifth reached Rock River, where I stopped with a Mr.

The evening following we stopped at an Irish house, where the surroundings did not conduce to comfort or to a feeling of security. Several drunken men kept up a continuous row. We hid our money in a haystack, and took our turn sleeping and keeping watch. We ate an early breakfast, and were glad to get away before the men who had created such a disturbance during the night were up.

We moved onward on the seventh to Blue Mound, where we found a cheerful resting place at Brigham’s. The eighth brought us to Dodgeville, where we stopped at Morrison’s. On the ninth we reached Mineral Point, the locality of the lead mines, where I afterward lost much time in prospecting.

Mineral Point was then a rude mining town. The night of our arrival was one of excitement and hilarity in the place. The first legislature of the territory of Wisconsin had been in session at Belmont, near Mineral Point, had organized the new government and closed its session on that day. To celebrate this event and their emancipation from the government of Michigan and the location of the capital at Madison, the people from the Point, and all the region round about, had met and prepared a banquet for the retiring members of the legislature.

Madison was at that time a paper town, in the wilderness, but beautifully located on Cat Fish lake, and at the head of Rock river. The location had been accomplished by legislative tact, and a compromise between the extremes.

In view of the almost certain division of the Territory, with the Mississippi river as a [Pg 6] boundary, at no very distant day, it was agreed that Madison should be the permanent capital, while Burlington, now in Iowa, should be used temporarily. Milwaukee and Green Bay had both aspired to the honor of being chosen as the seat of government. Mineral Point, with her rich mines, had also aspirations, as had Cassville, which latter named village had even built a great hotel for the accommodation of the members of the assembly.

Dubuque put in a claim, but all in vain. Madison was chosen, and wisely, and she has ever since succeeded in maintaining the supremacy then thrust upon her. In my boyhood, at school, I had read of the great Northwest Territory. It seemed to me then far away, at the world’s end, but I had positively told my comrades that I should one day go there.

I found myself at last on the soil, and at a period or crisis important in its history. The immense territory had been carved and sliced into states and territories, and now the last remaining fragment, under the name of Wisconsin, had assumed territorial prerogatives, organized its government, and, with direct reference to a future division of territory, had selected its future capital, for as yet, except in name, Madison was not.

In assuming territorial powers, the boundaries had been enlarged so as to include part of New Louisiana, and the first legislature had virtually bartered away this part of her domain, of which Burlington, temporary capital of Wisconsin, was to be the future capital. Two more days of foot plodding brought us to Galena, the city of lead.

The greeting on our entering the city was the ringing of bells, the clattering of tin pans, the tooting of ox horns, sounds earthly and unearthly,—sounds no man can describe. What could it be? Was it for the benefit of two humble, footsore pedestrians that all this uproar was produced? We gave it up for the time, but learned subsequently that it was what is known as a charivari, an unmusical and disorderly serenade, generally gotten up for the benefit of some newly married couple, whose nuptials had not met with popular approval.

At Galena I parted with Mr. Rogers, my traveling companion, who went south. On the fifteenth of December I traveled to Dubuque on foot. When I came to the Mississippi river I sat down on its banks and recalled the humorous description of old [Pg 7] Mr.

Carson, my neighbor, to which I had listened wonderingly when a small boy. The turtles in it were big as barn doors, and their shells would make good ferryboats if they could only be kept above water. Several persons desiring to cross, we made a portable bridge of boards, sliding them along with us till we were safe on the opposite bank. I was now at the end of my journey, on the west bank of the Mississippi, beyond which stretched a vast and but little known region, inhabited by Indians and wild beasts.

As I review the incidents of my journey in , I can not but contrast the conditions of that era and the present. How great the change in half a century!

The journey then required thirty days. It now requires but three. I had passed over but two short lines of railroad, and had made the journey by canal boat, by steamer, by stage, and a large portion of it on foot. There were few regularly established lines of travel. From Michigan to the Mississippi there were no stages nor were there any regular southern routes. Travelers to the centre of the continent, in those days, came either by the water route, via New Orleans or the Fox and Wisconsin river route, or followed Indian trails or blazed lines from one settlement to another.

The homes of the settlers were rude—were built principally of logs. In forest regions the farms consisted of clearings or square patches of open ground, well dotted with stumps and surrounded by a dense growth of timber.

The prairies, except around the margins or along certain belts of timber following the course of streams, were without inhabitants. Hotels were few and far between, and, when found, not much superior to the cabins of the settlers; but the traveler was always and at all places hospitably entertained.

Dubuque was a town of about three hundred inhabitants, attracted thither by the lead mines. The people were principally of the mining class. The prevailing elements amongst them were Catholic and Orange Irish. These two parties were antagonistic and would quarrel on the streets or wherever brought in contact. Sundays were especially days of strife, and Main [Pg 8] street was generally the field of combat.

Women even participated. There was no law, there were no police to enforce order. The fight went on, the participants pulling hair, gouging, biting, pummeling with fists or pounding with sticks, till one or the other party was victorious. These combats were also accompanied with volleys of profanity, and unlimited supplies of bad whisky served as fuel to the flame of discord. Dubuque was certainly the worst town in the West, and, in a small way, the worst in the whole country.

The entire country west of the Mississippi was without law, the government of Wisconsin Territory not yet being extended to it. Justice, such as it was, was administered by Judge Lynch and the mob. My first employment was working a hand furnace for smelting lead ore for a man named Kelly, a miner and a miser. He lived alone in a miserable hovel, and on the scantiest fare. In January I contracted to deliver fifty cords of wood at Price’s brickyard.

I cut the wood from the island in front of the present city of Dubuque, and hired a team to deliver it. While in Dubuque I received my first letter from home in seven months. What a relief it was, after a period of long suspense, spent in tediously traveling over an almost wilderness country,—amidst unpleasant surroundings, amongst strangers, many of them of the baser sort, drinking, card playing, gambling and quarreling,—what a relief it was to receive a letter from home with assurances of affectionate regard from those I most esteemed.

Truly the lines had not fallen to me in pleasant places, and I was sometimes exposed to perils from the lawless characters by whom I was surrounded. On one occasion a dissolute and desperate miner, named Gilbert, came to Cannon’s hotel, which was my boarding house while in Dubuque. He usually came over from the east side of the river once a week for a spree.

On this occasion, being very drunk, he was more than usually offensive and commenced abusing Cannon, the landlord, applying to him some contemptuous epithet. I thoughtlessly remarked to Cannon, “You have a new name,” upon which Gilbert cocked his pistol and aiming at me was about to fire when Cannon, quick as thought, struck at his arm and so destroyed his aim that the bullet went over my head.

The report of the pistol brought others to the room and a general melee ensued in which the bar [Pg 9] was demolished, the stove broken and Gilbert unmercifully whipped. Gilbert was afterward shot in a drunken brawl. I formed some genial acquaintances in Dubuque, amongst them Gen.

Booth, Messrs. Brownell, Wilson and others, since well known in the history of the country. Price, the wood contractor, never paid me for my work. I invested what money I had left for lots in Madison, all of which I lost, and had, in addition, to pay a note I had given on the lots. On February 11th I went to Cassville, journeying thither on the ice.

This village had flourished greatly, in the expectation of becoming the territorial and state capital, expectations doomed, as we have seen, to disappointment. It is romantically situated amidst picturesque bluffs, some of which tower aloft like the walls and turrets of an ancient castle, a characteristic that attaches to much of the bluff scenery along this point. I reached this old French town on the twelfth of February. The town and settlement adjacent extended over a prairie nine miles long, and from one to two miles broad, a beautiful plateau of land, somewhat sandy, but for many years abundantly productive, furnishing supplies to traders and to the military post established there.

It also furnished two cargoes of grain to be used as seed by the starving settlement at Selkirk, which were conveyed thither by way of the Mississippi, St. Peter and Red rivers. The earliest authentic mention of the place refers to the establishment of a post called St. Nicholas, on the east bank of the Mississippi, at the mouth of the Wisconsin, by Gov. De La Barre, who, in , sent Nicholas Perrot with a garrison of twenty men to hold the post. The first official document laying claim to the country on the Upper Mississippi, issued in , has mention of the fort.

This document we transcribe entire:. Croix, and at the mouth of the river St. Pierre Minnesota , on the bank of which were the Mantantans; and further up to the interior to the northeast of the Mississippi, as far as the Menchokatoux, with whom dwell the majority of the Songeskitens, and other Nadouessioux, who are to the northeast of the Mississippi, to take possession for, and in the name of, the king of the countries and rivers inhabited by the said tribes, and of which they are proprietors.

The present act done in our presence, signed with our hand and subscribed. There is little doubt that this post was held continuously by the French as a military post until , when the French authorities at Quebec withdrew all their troops from Wisconsin, and as a trader’s post or settlement, until the surrender in to the British of all French claims east of the Mississippi.

It was probably garrisoned near the close of the latter period. It remained in the possession of the French some time, as the English, thinking it impossible to compete for the commerce of the Indian tribes with the French traders who had intermarried with them, and so acquired great influence, did not take actual possession until many years later.

The post is occasionally mentioned by the early voyageurs, and the prairie which it commanded was known as the “Prairie du Chien,” or praire of the dog, as early as , and is so mentioned by Carver.

It was not formally taken possession of by the United States until , when Gov. Granular materials, which are essentially large conglomerations of macroscopic solid particles, are relevant for many different areas of science and technology. Their study forms a wide interdisciplinary research field attracting the interest of physicists, applied mathematicians, geologists, as well as chemical, civil, mechanical, and agricultural engineers. Dierk Raabe. Modelling physical phenomena across the scales is a veritable challenge for scientific computing.

Due to the complexity of the problems involved, rigorous and predictive bottom-up approaches are quite rare and largely remain a task for future research. In this context, it is of great interest to develop models which allow to efficiently incorporate the essential effects originating from a large number of interactions at a smaller scale in a description of the system behavior at a larger scale.

Ha Bui. Joseph Etim. Abdelraheem Mahmoud Aly. Akhila Manne , Neelima Satyam.

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By using our site, itxsca agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia.

Orencio Duran. Janos Kertesz. Granular materials, which are essentially large conglomerations of macroscopic solid particles, winxows relevant for many different areas of science and technology.

Their study forms a wide interdisciplinary research field attracting the interest of physicists, applied mathematicians, geologists, as well as chemical, civil, mechanical, and agricultural engineers.

Dierk Raabe. Modelling physical phenomena across the scales is a veritable challenge for scientific computing.

Due to the complexity windows 10 1703 download iso itasca txn the problems involved, rigorous and predictive bottom-up approaches are quite rare and largely remain a task for future research. In this cownload, it is of great interest to develop models which allow to efficiently incorporate the essential effects originating from a itascz number of interactions at a smaller scale in a description of the windows 10 1703 download iso itasca txn behavior at a larger scale. Ha Bui. Joseph Etim.

Abdelraheem Mahmoud Aly. Akhila ManneNeelima Satyam. Jose L. Felix Darve. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email win sdk 10 download you signed up with and we’ll email you a dindows link.

Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Particle-based methods: fundamentals and applications.

Pavel Ryzhakov. Related Papers. Comptes Rendus Mecanique Constitutive relations for the tiasca deformation of frictionless packings of polydisperse spheres. Distinct Element Simulations of Granular Materials. Convergence behavior of shear stress windows 10 1703 download iso itasca txn the lattice Boltzmann method: Analytical estimates versus numerical simulations.

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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Fifty Years In The Northwest, by W. H. C. Folsom.. Windows 10 1703 download iso itasca txn

 
 

To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. Orencio Duran. Janos Kertesz. Granular materials, which are essentially large conglomerations of macroscopic solid particles, are relevant for many different areas of science and technology.

Their study forms a wide interdisciplinary research field attracting the interest of physicists, applied mathematicians, geologists, as well as chemical, civil, mechanical, and agricultural engineers. Dierk Raabe. Modelling physical phenomena across the scales is a veritable challenge for scientific computing. Due to the complexity of the problems involved, rigorous and predictive bottom-up approaches are quite rare and largely remain a task for future research.

In this context, it is of great interest to develop models which allow to efficiently incorporate the essential effects originating from a large number of interactions at a smaller scale in a description of the system behavior at a larger scale.

Ha Bui. Joseph Etim. Abdelraheem Mahmoud Aly. Akhila Manne , Neelima Satyam. Jose L. Mount Etna: 3 – D and 4- D structure using seismic tomography. We investigate the time-varying structure of Etna, an active stratovolcano in eastern Sicily, using seismic tomography. In volcanic systems, it is thought that the presence of fluids, cracks and pressurized gases can rapidly and drastically change the elastic properties of the host rocks.

Recent work suggests that changes beneath Etna are detectable with seismic methods, and that these changes can be linked to volcanic activity. Temporal changes to Earth structure are commonly investigated by carrying out separate tomographic inversions for different epochs.

However, repeated inversions of the same area are expected to vary, even if the structure itself does not change. This is due to variations in the seismic ray distribution and to observational errors. Potentially, changes between epochs which are due to experimental limitations can be misinterpreted as changes to the structure of the volcano. This code imposes constraints which minimise the differences calculated between two epochs.

The remaining structural variations are thus truly required to fit the data, and reflect changes which almost certainly exist between the two epochs.

They cover a period which includes several eruptions, from 1st November to 31st December We divide our data into different epochs and invert two epochs simultaneously. The models show a seismically fast central region, surrounded by a slower outer region. This suggests a central system of dykes or sills surrounded by volcanic sediments and country rock.

At depths of km below sea level the seismically fast region is not below the summit crater but is offset to the southwest. By monitoring the changes to the elastic parameters of the host rocks we observe temporal. Time-lapse 3 – D seismic imaging of shallow subsurface contaminant flow.

This paper presents a physical modelling study outlining a technique whereby buoyant contaminant flow within water-saturated unconsolidated sand was remotely monitored utilizing the time-lapse 3 – D TL 3 – D seismic response. The controlled temperature and pressure conditions, along with the high level of acquisition repeatability attainable using sandbox physical models, allow the TL 3 – D seismic response to pore fluid movement to be distinguished from all other effects.

TL 3 – D seismic techniques are currently being developed to monitor hydrocarbon reserves within producing reservoirs in an endeavour to improve overall recovery. However, in many ways, sandbox models under atmospheric conditions more accurately simulate the shallow subsurface than petroleum reservoirs. For this reason, perhaps the greatest application for analogue sandbox modelling is to improve our understanding of shallow groundwater and environmental flow mechanisms.

Two fluid flow simulations were conducted whereby air and kerosene were injected into separate water-saturated unconsolidated sand models. In both experiments, a base 3 – D seismic volume was recorded and compared with six later monitor surveys recorded while the injection program was conducted. Normal incidence amplitude and P-wave velocity information were extracted from the TL 3 – D seismic data to provide visualization of contaminant migration.

Reflection amplitudes displayed qualitative areal distribution of fluids when a suitable impedance contrast existed between pore fluids. TL 3 – D seismic reflection tomography can potentially monitor the change in areal distribution of fluid contaminants over time, indicating flow patterns. However, other research and this current work have not established a quantifiable relationship between either normal reflection amplitudes and attenuation and fluid saturation.

Generally, different pore fluids will have unique seismic velocities due to differences in compressibility and density. The predictable.

Hypocenter relocation using a fast grid search method and a 3 – D seismic velocity model for the Sumatra region. In this research, we have applied a Fast Grid Search FGM method and a 3 – D velocity model resulting from tomographic imaging to relocate earthquakes in the Sumatran region.

The data were taken from the MCGA data catalog from to comprising of subduction zone and on land fault earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4 Mw. Our preliminary results show some significant changes in the depths of the relocated earthquakes which are in general deeper than themore » depths of hypocenters from the MCGA data catalog. The residual times resulting from the relocation process are smaller than those prior to the relocation.

Encouraged by these results, we will continue to conduct hypocenter relocation for all events from the MCGA data catalog periodically in order to produce a new data catalog with good quality. We hope that the new data catalog will be useful for further studies. Landsliding is a worldwide common phenomenon. Every year, and ranging in size from very small to enormous, landslides cause all too often loss of life and disastrous damage to infrastructure, property and the environment.

One main reason for more frequent catastrophes is the growth of population on the Earth which entails extending urbanization to areas at risk. Landslides are triggered by a variety and combination of causes, among which the role of water and seismic activity appear to have the most serious consequences.

In this regard, seismic shaking is of particular interest since topographic elevation as well as the landslide mass itself can trap waves and hence amplify incoming surface waves – a phenomenon known as “site effects”.

Research on the topic of landsliding due to seismic and non- seismic activity is extensive and a broad spectrum of methods for modeling slope deformation is available. Those methods range from pseudo-static and rigid-block based models to numerical models. The majority is limited to 2 D modeling since more sophisticated approaches in 3 D are still under development or calibration.

However, the effect of lateral confinement as well as the mechanical properties of the adjacent bedrock might be of great importance because they may enhance the focusing of trapped waves in the landslide mass. A database was created to study 3 D landslide geometries. It currently contains distinct seismically and non- seismically triggered landslides spread all around the globe whose rupture bodies were measured in all available details.

Therefore a specific methodology was developed to maintain predefined standards, to keep the bias as low as possible and to set up a query tool to explore the database. Besides geometry, additional information such as location, date, triggering factors, material, sliding mechanisms, event chronology, consequences, related literature, among other things are stored for every case.

The aim of the database is to enable. Seismic modeling of Earth’s 3 D structure: Recent advancements. Global models of Earth’s seismic structure continue to improve due to the growth of seismic data sets, implementation of advanced wave propagations theories, and increased computational power. In my presentation, I will summarize seismic tomography results from the past years. I will compare the most recent P and S velocity models, discuss model resolution and model interpretation, and present an, admittedly biased, list of research directions required to develop the next generation 3 D models.

Poor boy 3 D seismic effort yields South Central Kentucky discovery. Clinton County, Ky. Clinton County has long been known for high volume fractured carbonate wells. The discovery of these fractured reservoir, unfortunately, has historically been serendipitous. The author currently uses 2 D seismic and satellite imagery to design 3 D high resolution seismic shoots.

This method has proven to be the most efficient and is the core of his program. The paper describes exploration methods, seismic acquisition, well data base, and seismic interpretation.

Saritas, H. The Western High and Cinarcik Basin is one of the major regions of geological interest which is the area close to the NAF where evidence of gas hydrates and gas escapes have been observed during previous scientific cruises.

To understand movement of the NAF and origin of the gas , collecting data was focused on these areas by the latter cruises. Computer-based interpretation and display of 3 D seismic data allow for more thorough analysis than 2 D seismic data. The objectives of this survey are; find gas strata and gas hydrate formation location in the western high, geological description of this area, understand tectonical movement related to dextral strike slip North Anatolian fault, focus on the mud volcano in which close to NAF, find gas hydrate and origin of the existing gas , and location of the gas escaping, investigate the creation of the Marmara Sea concerning with Western High.

Integrate good velocity. This paper presents a fast 3 D Three-Dimension palmprint capturing system and develops an efficient 3 D palmprint feature extraction and recognition method. In order to fast acquire accurate 3 D shape and texture of palmprint, a DLP projector triggers a CCD camera to realize synchronization. By generating and projecting green fringe pattern images onto the measured palm surface, 3 D palmprint data are calculated from the fringe pattern images.

The periodic feature vector can be derived from the calculated 3 D palmprint data, so undistorted 3 D biometrics is obtained. Using the obtained 3 D palmprint data, feature matching test have been carried out by Gabor filter, competition rules and the mean curvature.

Experimental results on capturing 3 D palmprint show that the proposed acquisition method can fast get 3 D shape information of palmprint. Some initial experiments on recognition show the proposed method is efficient by using 3 D palmprint data. Advanced computational tools for 3 – D seismic analysis. The CESAR effort is carried out in collaboration with world-class domain experts from leading universities, and in close coordination with other national laboratories and oil industry partners.

Seismic reflection the primary tool used in petroleum exploration and production, but use in geothermal exploration is less standard, in part due to cost but also due to the challenges in identifying the highly-permeable zones essential for economic hydrothermal systems [e. Louie et al. Newer technology, such as wireless sensors and low-cost high performance computing, has helped reduce the cost and effort needed to conduct 3 D surveys.

The second difficulty, identifying permeable zones, has been less tractable so far. Here we report on the use of seismic attributes from a 3 D seismic survey to identify and mapmore » permeable zones in a hydrothermal area. Modelling and forecasting 3 D -hypocentre seismicity in the Kanto region. In addition, the stochastic reconstruction method is used when validating the results of the 3 D ETAS model, with results indicating that the shallow events are more productive and their aftershocks decay slightly faster in the time and epicentre dimensions.

We also study the changes of seismicity patterns before and after the Tohoku earthquake. The direct aftershocks of events from the post-Tohoku period are more diffusive in time and epicentre but more concentrated in depth. The seismicity rate increases significantly following the Tohoku earthquake, especially along the interface of the subducting Pacific plate. The curve of cumulative background probabilities for events above M4.

However, the occurrence rates of smaller events from M2. Finally, we verify that the 3 D model can reproduce the focal depths better than the 2 D model and improve the forecasting performance. Quaternary evolution of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet from 3 D seismic data. The Quaternary seismic stratigraphy and architecture of the mid-Norwegian continental shelf and slope are investigated using extensive grids of marine 2 D and 3 D seismic reflection data that cover more than , km2 of the continental margin.

At least 26 distinct regional palaeo-surfaces have been interpreted within the stratigraphy of the Quaternary Naust Formation on the mid-Norwegian margin. Multiple assemblages of buried glacigenic landforms are preserved within the Naust Formation across most of the study area, facilitating detailed palaeo-glaciological reconstructions. We document a marine-terminating, calving Fennoscandian Ice Sheet FIS margin present periodically on the Norwegian shelf since at least the beginning of the Quaternary.

Elongate, streamlined landforms interpreted as mega-scale glacial lineations MSGLs have been found within the upper part of the Naust sequence N 1. Shifts in the location of depocentres and direction of features indicative of fast ice-flow suggest that several reorganisations in the FIS drainage have occurred since 1. Subglacial landforms reveal a complex and dynamic ice sheet, with converging palaeo-ice streams and several flow-switching events that may reflect major changes in topography and internal ice-sheet structure.

Lack of subglacial meltwater channels suggests a largely distributed, low-volume meltwater system that drained the FIS through permeable subglacial till without leaving much erosional evidence.

This regional palaeo-environmental examination of the FIS provides a useful framework for ice-sheet modelling and shows that fragmentary preservation of buried surfaces and variability of ice-sheet dynamics should be taken into account when reconstructing glacial history from spatially limited datasets.

High-resolution 3 D seismic imaging of a pull-apart basin in the Gulf of Cadiz. The P-Cable system, a cost-efficient set-up for fast acquisition of 3 D seismic data on 12 single-channel streamers, was utilized to acquire seismic cubes at four different targets. Initial processing has included: 1 spatial positioning of each recording channel from GPS data acquired on the outer two channels, 2 improved positioning of shot points and channels from the inversion of first arrival times, 3 application of a swell filter to improve reflection coherency, 4 CDP binning and stacking and 5 migration.

The new data confirm that the southeastern Gulf of Cadiz north of the Rharb submarine valley is structurally controlled by numerous strike slip faults that were active until quite recently within the resolution of the data.

Given the location of this basin, between the extensional domain on the upper slope and the compressional toe of the accretionary wedge, we interpret the origin to be gravitational sliding on a detachment layer, possibly containing salt, but at this stage not imaged by our profiles. During the last few years rapid steps have been taken towards drilling for oil in the western Mediterranean sea.

Since most of the countries in the region benefit mainly from tourism and considering that the Mediterranean is a closed sea only replenishing its water once every ninety years careful measures are being taken to ensure safe drilling. In that concept this research work attempts to derive a three dimensional model of the seismically active parts of the underlying underground faults in areas of petroleum interest. For that purpose seismic spatio-temporal clustering has been applied to seismic data to identify potential distinct seismic regions in the area of interest.

Results have been coalesced with two dimensional maps of underground faults from past surveys and seismic epicentres, having followed careful reallocation processing, have been used to provide information regarding the vertical extent of multiple underground faults in the region of interest. The end product is a three dimensional map of the possible underground location and extent of the seismically active parts of underground faults. Indexing terms: underground faults modelling, seismic data mining, 3 D visualisation, active seismic source mapping, seismic hazard evaluation, dangerous phenomena modelling Acknowledgment This research work is supported by the ESPA Operational Programme, Education and Life Long Learning, Students Practical Placement Initiative.

References [1] Alves, T. The seismic method is a valuable tool for getting 3 D -images from the subsurface. Seismic data acquisition today is not only a topic for oil and gas exploration but is used also for geothermal exploration, inspections of nuclear waste sites and for scientific investigations. The system presented in this contribution may also have an impact on the visualization of 3 D -data of other geophysical methods.

They are a combination of individual vertical cuts, possibly linked to a cubical portion of the data volume, and the stereoscopic view of the seismic data. By these methods, the spatial perception for the structures and thus of the processes in the subsurface should be increased. Stereoscopic techniques are e. The aim of the interpretation system shown here is stereoscopic visualization of seismic data at the workplace, i. The possibilities offered by the use of a stereoscopic system do not replace a conventional interpretation workflow.

Rather they have to be implemented into it as an additional step. The amplitude distribution of the seismic data is a challenge for the stereoscopic display because the opacity level and the scaling and selection of the data have to.

Walker Ranch 3 D seismic images. Amplitude images both vertical and depth slices extracted from 3 D seismic reflection survey over area of Walker Ranch area adjacent to Raft River. Crossline spacing of feet and inline of feet using a Vibroseis source. Processing included depth migration. Micro-earthquake hypocenters on images. Stratigraphic information and nearby well tracks added to images.

Images are embedded in a Microsoft Word document with additional information. Exact location and depth restricted for proprietary reasons. Data collection and processing funded by Agua Caliente. Original data remains property of Agua Caliente. Using 3 D visualization and seismic attributes to improve structural and stratigraphic resolution of reservoirs. Recent advances in hardware and software have given the interpreter and engineer new ways to view 3 D seismic data and well bore information.

Recent papers have also highlighted the use of various statistics and seismic attributes. By combining new 3 D rendering technologies with recent trends in seismic analysis, the interpreter can improve the structural and stratigraphic resolution of hydrocarbon reservoirs. This paper gives several examples using 3 D visualization to better define both the structural and stratigraphic aspects of several different structural types from around the world. Statistics, 3 D visualization techniques and rapid animation are used to show complex faulting andmore » detailed channel systems.

These systems would be difficult to map using either 2 D or 3 D data with conventional interpretation techniques. In this work we are going to show the advantages of a dynamic tomography 4 D , versus a static image 3 D related with a volcanic reactivation and eruption at El Hierro island Canary Islands, Spain.

In this process a high number of earthquakes before and during the eruptive processes have been registered. We are going to show a 3 D image as an average of the velocity structure and then the characteristics and physical properties on the medium, including the presence or not of magma.

This image will be complemented with its evolution along the time, observing its volcanic dynamic and its influence over the medium properties, including its power as an important element on early warnings protocols.

Since this moment an intense swarm took place, with more than events, until 11th December, with magnitudes MLg from 0. In this period two eruptive processes have been declared in front of the South coast of El Hierro island, and they have not finished yet. This seismic swarm has allowed carrying out a 3 D seismic tomography, using P and S waves traveltimes. It has showed a low velocity from the North to the South. On the other hand, we have performed a 4 D seismic tomography, taking the events occurred at different intervals of time.

We can observe the evolution of the negative anomaly along the time, from the North to the South, where has taken place La Restinga submarine eruption. We present a new, computationally efficient numerical method to simulate global seismic wave propagation in realistic 3 – D Earth models with laterally heterogeneous media and finite boundary perturbations. Our method is a hybrid of pseudo-spectral and spectral element methods SEM.

We characterize the azimuthal dependence of 3 – D wavefields in terms of Fourier series, such that the 3 – D equations of motion reduce to an algebraic system of coupled 2- D meridional equations, which can be solved by a 2- D spectral element method based on www.

Computational efficiency of our method stems from lateral smoothness of global Earth models with respect to wavelength as well as axial singularity of seismic point sources, which jointly confine the Fourier modes of wavefields to a few lower orders.

All boundary perturbations that violate geometric spherical symmetry, including Earth’s ellipticity, topography and bathymetry, undulations of internal discontinuities such as Moho and CMB, are uniformly considered by means of a Particle Relabeling Transformation. We show novel benchmarks for global wave solutions in 3 – D mantle structures between our method and an independent, fully discretized 3 – D SEM with remarkable agreement.

Performance comparisons are carried out on three state-of-the-art tomography models, with seismic period going down to 5s. It is shown that our method runs up to two orders of magnitude faster than the 3 – D SEM for such settings, and such computational advantage scales favourably with seismic frequency. By examining wavefields passing through hypothetical Gaussian plumes of varying sharpness, we identify in model-wavelength space the limits where our method may lose its advantage.

Multi-hole seismic modeling in 3 – D space and cross-hole seismic tomography analysis for boulder detection. A boulder stone, a common geological feature in south China, is referred to the remnant of a granite body which has been unevenly weathered. Undetected boulders could adversely impact the schedule and safety of subway construction when using tunnel boring machine TBM method.

Therefore, boulder detection has always been a key issue demanded to be solved before the construction. Nowadays, cross-hole seismic tomography is a high resolution technique capable of boulder detection, however, the method can only solve for velocity in a 2- D slice between two wells, and the size and central position of the boulder are generally difficult to be accurately obtained.

In this paper, the authors conduct a multi-hole wave field simulation and characteristic analysis of a boulder model based on the 3 – D elastic wave staggered-grid finite difference theory, and also a 2- D imaging analysis based on first arrival travel time. The results indicate that 1 full wave field records could be obtained from multi-hole seismic wave simulations. Simulation results describe that the seismic wave propagation pattern in cross-hole high-velocity spherical geological bodies is more detailed and can serve as a basis for the wave field analysis.

The received diffracted wave interferes with the primary wave and in consequence the picked first arrival travel time is not derived from the profile, which results in a false appearance of high-velocity geology features.

Finally, the results of 2- D analysis in 3 – D modeling space are comparatively analyzed with the physical model test vis-a-vis the effect of high velocity body on the seismic tomographic measurements. Interpretation of the 3 D seismic data resulted in a detailed image of the reef, using several interpretive techniques.

A seismic reflection within the reef was correlated with a known porosity zone, and the relationship between porosity and seismic amplitude was investigated. A possible connection between the main reef and the low relief gas well was identified. This project illustrates the economic value of investigating an existing storage reef with 3 D seismic data, and underscores the necessity of acquiring such a survey prior to developing a new storage reservoir.

Goals of the survey were to 1 determine if additional storage capacity could be found either as extensions to the Ray reef or as undiscovered satellite reefs, 2 investigate the relationship between the main body and a low-relief gas well east of the reef, and 3 determine if seismic data can be used to quantify reservoir parameters to maximize the productive capacity of infillmore » wells. Interpretation of the 3 – D seismic data resulted in a detailed image of the reef, using several interpretive techniques.

A seismic reflection within the reef was correlated with a known porosity zone, and a possible relationship between porosity and seismic amplitude was investigated.

A potential connection between the main reef and the low-relief gas well was identified. This project illustrates the economic value of investigating an existing storage reef with 3 – D seismic data, and underscores the necessity of such a survey prior to developing a new storage reservoir. True-triaxial experimental seismic velocities linked to an in situ 3 D seismic velocity structure.

Upscaling from laboratory seismic velocities to in situ field seismic velocities is a fundamental problem in rock physics. This study presents a unique situation where a 3 D velocity structure of comparable frequency ranges is available both in situ and experimentally. The velocity survey and oriented, cubic rock sample, are from the m level of the mine, where the geology is a homogeneous and isotropic granite.

The triaxial in situ stress field at this level was determined and the Mine-by tunnel was excavated horizontally to maximize borehole break out. Ultrasonic velocity measurements for P-, S1-,and S2-waves were done in the tunnel sidewall, ceiling and far-field rock mass.

The cubic 80 mm granite sample was prepared oriented to the in situ principle stress axis in the field. The stress path of the sample extraction from in situ stress was modeled in FLAC 3 D by Itasca inc , and then reapplied in the GIC to obtain the laboratory velocities at in situ stress. The theory of acoustoelasticity, the dependence of acoustic wave velocity on stresses in the propagating isotropic medium, is applied to the borehole hoop and radial stresses produced by the Mine-by tunnel.

The acoustoelastic effect involves determining the linear second-order and nonlinear third-order elastic constants, which are derived from the velocity-stress slopes. New comprehensive standard seismic noise models and 3 D seismic noise variation for Morocco territory, North Africa, obtained using seismic broadband stations.

In the current work, we constructed new comprehensive standard seismic noise models and 3 D temporal-spatial seismic noise level cubes for Morocco in north-west Africa to be used for seismological and engineering purposes. Consequently, this preliminary study was conducted to shed light on seismic noise levels specific to north-west Africa.

For this purpose, 23 broadband seismic stations recently installed in different structural domains throughout Morocco are used to study the nature and characteristics of seismic noise and to create seismic noise models for Morocco. Continuous data recorded during , and were processed and analysed to construct these new noise models and 3 D noise levels from all stations.

This variation is attributed to differences in the nature of seismic noise sources that dominate Morocco in these period bands.

The results of this study have a new perception about permanent seismic noise models for this spectacular region and can be considered a significant contribution because it supplements the Peterson models and can also be used to site future permanent seismic stations in Morocco.

Absolute earthquake locations using 3 – D versus 1- D velocity models below a local seismic network: example from the Pyrenees. Theunissen, T. Local seismic networks are usually designed so that earthquakes are located inside them primary azimuthal gap seismic stations km. Moving towards 3 – D location algorithms requires robust 3 – D velocity models.

This work takes advantage of seismic monitoring spanning more than 30 yr in the Pyrenean region. We investigate the influence of a well-designed 3 – D model with station corrections including basins structure and the geometry of the Mohorovicic discontinuity on earthquake locations.

The horizontal accuracy in the 1- D case can be higher than in the 3 – D case if lateral variations in the structure are not properly resolved. Errors on velocity models and accuracy of absolute earthquake locations are assessed based on a reference data set made of active seismic , quarry blasts and passive temporary experiments.

Some updates have been added to NLLoc to better focus on the final solution outlier exclusion, multiscale grid search, S-phases weighting. Errors in the probabilistic approach are defined to take into account errors on velocity models and on arrival times. The seismicity in the final 3 – D catalogue is located with a horizontal uncertainty of about 2. Noises and data gaps complicate the seismic data processing and subsequently cause difficulties in the geological interpretation.

We discriminated the noises from single individual time slices of 3 D volumes by analyzing Eigen triplets of the trajectory matrix. We first tested the efficacy of the method on 3 D synthetic seismic data contaminated with noise and then applied to the post stack seismic reflection data acquired from the Sleipner CO2 storage site pre and post CO2 injection from Norway. The bright spots identified in the de-noised data indicate upward migration of CO2 towards the top of the Utsira formation.

In this paper, measurements show fast ion losses correlated with applied three-dimensional 3 D fields in a variety of plasmas ranging from L-mode to resonant magnetic perturbation RMP edge localized mode ELM suppressed H-mode discharges. Full orbit following using M 3 D -C1 calculations of the perturbed fields and kinetic profiles reproduce many features of the measured losses and points to the importance of the applied 3 D field phase with respect to the beam injection location in determining the overall impact on prompt beam ion loss.

Modeling of these results includes a self-consistent calculation of the 3 D perturbed beam ion birth profiles and scrape-off-layer ionization, a factor found to be essential to reproducing the experimental measurements. The Nankai Trough off southwest Japan is one of the best subduction-zone to study megathrust earthquake fault. Historic, great megathrust earthquakes with a recurrence interval of yr have generated strong motion and large tsunamis along the Nankai Trough subduction zone.

Particularly, physical properties of the incoming hemipelagic sediments may be critical for seismogenic behavior of the megathrust fault. We have carried out core-log- seismic integration CLSI to estimate 3 D acoustic impedance and porosity for the incoming sediments in the Nankai Trough. We computed acoustic impedance depth profiles for the IODP drilling sites from P-wave velocity and density data. We constructed seismic convolution models with the acoustic impedance profiles and a source wavelet which is extracted from the seismic data, adjusting the seismic models to observed seismic traces with inversion method.

As a result, we obtained 3 D acoustic impedance volume and then converted it to 3 D porosity volume. In general, the 3 D porosities show decrease with depth. We found a porosity anomaly zone with alteration of high and low porosities seaward of the trough axis. In this talk, we will show detailed 3 D porosity of the incoming sediments, and present implications of the porosity anomaly zone for the. Marchenko methods are novel, data driven techniques that allow seismic wavefields from sources and receivers on the Earth’s surface to be redatumed to construct wavefields with sources in the subsurface – including complex multiply-reflected waves, and without the need for a complex reference model.

In turn, this allows subsurface images to be constructed at any such subsurface redatuming points image or virtual receiver points. Such images are then free of artefacts from multiply-scattered waves that usually contaminate migrated seismic images. Marchenko algorithms require as input the same information as standard migration methods: the full reflection response from sources and receivers at the Earth’s surface, and an estimate of the first arriving wave between the chosen image point and the surface.

The latter can be calculated using a smooth velocity model estimated using standard methods. The algorithm iteratively calculates a signal that focuses at the image point to create a virtual source at that point, and this can be used to retrieve the signal between the virtual source and the surface.

A feature of these methods is that the retrieved signals are naturally decomposed into up- and down-going components. That is, we obtain both the signal that initially propagated upwards from the virtual source and arrived at the surface, separated from the signal that initially propagated downwards. The redatumed signal in figure b has been calculated using Marchenko methods from a virtual source m, m and m to the surface. For comparison the true solution is given in figure c , and shows a good match when compared to figure b.

While these 2 D redatuming and imaging methods are still in their infancy having first been developed in. Careful review of old geophysical and geological data from the Western Desert of Egypt led to the decision of shooting a 3 – D seismic survey targeted to solve some of the encountered geophysical problems such as difficulty of tracing the very thin pay zone, identifying the stratigraphic plays and the main two problems of the seismic method in the Western Desert which are statics and poor imaging.

In a case history form illustrated by examples, the result of the 3 – D solutions will be shown. Furthermore, an analytical approach will be undertaken to clarify and highlight the sources of those geophysical problemsmore » and how the 3 – D solution helped in resolving them. The geo-referenced 3 D model was constructed from weighted control points that integrate depth information from hypocenter locations and regional seismic velocity studies.

We used the 3 D model to differentiate earthquakes that occur above the Juan de Fuca Plate surface from earthquakes that occur below the plate surface. This GIS project of the Cascadia subduction system supersedes the one previously published by McCrory and others Our new slab model updates the model with new constraints. The most significant updates to the model include: 1 weighted control points to incorporate spatial uncertainty, 2 an additional gridded slab surface based on the Generic Mapping Tools GMT Surface program which constructs surfaces based on splines in tension see expanded description below , 3 double-differenced hypocenter locations in northern California to better constrain slab location there, and 4 revised slab shape based on new hypocenter profiles that incorporate routine depth uncertainties as well as data from new seismic -reflection and seismic -refraction studies.

We also provide a 3 D fly-through animation of the model for use as a visualization tool. Initialising reservoir models for history matching using pre-production 3 D seismic data: constraining methods and uncertainties. Integration of 3 D and time-lapse 4 D seismic data into reservoir modelling and history matching processes poses a significant challenge due to the frequent mismatch between the initial reservoir model, the true reservoir geology, and the pre-production baseline seismic data.

A fundamental step of a reservoir characterisation and performance study is the preconditioning of the initial reservoir model to equally honour both the geological knowledge and seismic data. In this paper we analyse the issues that have a significant impact on the mis match of the initial reservoir model with well logs and inverted 3 D seismic data.

These issues include the constraining methods for reservoir lithofacies modelling, the sensitivity of the results to the presence of realistic resolution and noise in the seismic data, the geostatistical modelling parameters, and the uncertainties associated with quantitative incorporation of inverted seismic data in reservoir lithofacies modelling. We demonstrate that in a geostatistical lithofacies simulation process, seismic constraining methods based on seismic litho-probability curves and seismic litho-probability cubes yield the best match to the reference model, even when realistic resolution and noise is included in the dataset.

In addition, our analyses show that quantitative incorporation of inverted 3 D seismic data in static reservoir modelling carries a range of uncertainties and should be cautiously applied in order to minimise the risk of misinterpretation.

These uncertainties are due to the limited vertical resolution of the seismic data compared to the scale of the geological heterogeneities, the fundamental instability of the inverse problem, and the non-unique elastic properties of different lithofacies types.

Vermeesch, P. In a 3 D onshore-offshore controlled-source seismic experiment was carried out in an area of km x km, centered on the southern termination of the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake rupture. Root Mean Square traveltime misfit reduces from ms in the 1 D starting model to 81 ms after 20 non-linear iterations.

Offsets range between 0 and km, with rays penetrating up to 28 km depth in the final model, hereby imaging the top of the subducting oceanic plate and revealing its complex 3 D topography. Ray coverage is still being extended by including first-arrival traveltime picks from the landstations on the coast of Sumatra and the islands and from the 10 long-term deployment OBSs that will be recovered in January.

The robustness and resolution of the final 3 D model is examined by exploring different starting models, different inversion parameters and by carrying out checkerboard tests and synthetic tests. The resulting crustal 3 D velocity model will allow us to explore the nature and physical cause of the rupture barrier of the great earthquake.

Comparison with a similar dataset and subsequent 3 D velocity model acquired at the boundary between the and earthquakes will provide important insights into the segmentation of the Sumatra subduction zone and the dynamics of its great earthquakes. Zelt, C. Barton Three-dimensional seismic refraction tomography: A comparison of two methods applied to data from the. We propose a 2 D seismic time-lapse inversion approach to image the evolution of seismic velocities over time and space.

The forward modeling is based on solving the eikonal equation using a second-order fast marching method. The wave-paths are represented by Fresnel volumes rathe Seismic source inversion using Green’s reciprocity and a 3 – D structural model for the Japanese Islands. We present a feasibility study for seismic source inversions using a 3 – D velocity model for the Japanese Islands. The approach involves numerically calculating 3 – D Green’s tensors, which is made efficient by exploiting Green’s reciprocity.

The rationale for 3 – D seismic source inversion has several aspects. For structurally complex regions, such as the Japan area, it is necessary to account for 3 – D Earth heterogeneities to prevent unknown structure polluting source solutions. In addition, earthquake source characterisation can serve as a means to delineate existing faults.

Source parameters obtained for more realistic Earth models can then facilitate improvements in seismic tomography and early warning systems, which are particularly important for seismically active areas, such as Japan. For this we used a regional 3 – D velocity model, recently obtained from full waveform inversion. The model includes attenuation and radial anisotropy and explains seismic waveform data for periods between 10 – 80 s generally well. The aim is to perform source inversions using the database of 3 – D Green’s tensors.

As preliminary steps, we present initial concepts to address issues that are at the basis of our approach. We first investigate to which extent Green’s reciprocity works in a discrete domain. Considering substantial amounts of computed Green’s tensors we address storage requirements and file formatting. We discuss the importance of the initial source model, as an intelligent choice can substantially reduce the search volume.

Possibilities to perform a Bayesian inversion and ways to move to finite source inversion are also explored. Is 3 D true non linear traveltime tomography reasonable? The data sets requiring 3 D analysis tools in the context of seismic exploration both onshore and offshore experiments or natural seismicity micro seismicity surveys or post event measurements are more and more numerous.

Classical linearized tomographies and also earthquake localisation codes need an accurate 3 D background velocity model. However, if the medium is complex and a priori information not available, a 1 D analysis is not able to provide an adequate background velocity image. Moreover, the design of the acquisition layouts is often intrinsically 3 D and renders difficult even 2 D approaches, especially in natural seismicity cases.

Thus, the solution relies on the use of a 3 D true non linear approach, which allows to explore the model space and to identify an optimal velocity image. The problem becomes then practical and its feasibility depends on the available computing resources memory and time. In this presentation, we show that facing a 3 D traveltime tomography problem with an extensive non-linear approach combining fast travel time estimators based on level set methods and optimisation techniques such as multiscale strategy is feasible.

Moreover, because management of inhomogeneous inversion parameters is more friendly in a non linear approach, we describe how to perform a jointly non-linear inversion for the seismic velocities and the sources locations. Characteristics of spondylotic myelopathy on 3 D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo and 2 D fast spin echo magnetic resonance imaging: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

In patients with spinal stenosis, magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine can be improved by using 3 D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences to provide a high-resolution assessment of osseous and ligamentous structures. However, it is not yet clear whether 3 D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences adequately evaluate the spinal cord itself. As a result, they are generally supplemented by additional 2 D fast spin echo sequences, adding time to the examination and potential discomfort to the patient.

Here we investigate the hypothesis that in patients with spinal stenosis and spondylotic myelopathy, 3 D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences can characterize cord lesions equally well as 2 D fast spin echo sequences. We performed a retrospective analysis of 30 adult patients with spondylotic myelopathy who had been examined with both 3 D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences and 2 D fast spin echo sequences at the same scanning session.

The two sequences were inspected separately for each patient, and visible cord lesions were manually traced. We found no significant differences between 3 D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo and 2 D fast spin echo sequences in the mean number, mean area, or mean transverse dimensions of spondylotic cord lesions. Nevertheless, the mean contrast-to-noise ratio of cord lesions was decreased on 3 D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences compared to 2 D fast spin echo sequences.

These findings suggest that 3 D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences do not need supplemental 2 D fast spin echo sequences for the diagnosis of spondylotic myelopathy, but they may be less well suited for quantitative signal measurements in the spinal cord. Structural and stratigraphic interpretation of 3 D seismic data for reservoir characterization in an area affected by dense faulting, such as the Niger Delta, is typically difficult and strongly model driven because of problems with imaging.

In the Freeman field, located about km offshore southwestern Niger Delta at about m water depth, 3 D seismic attribute-based analogs, and structural and stratigraphic based geometric models are combined to help enhance and constrain the interpretation. The objectives being to show how 3 D seismic attribute analysis enhances seismic interpretation, develop structural style and stratigraphic architecture models and identify trap mechanisms in the study area; with the main purpose of producing structural and stratigraphic framework analogs to aid exploration and production companies, as well as researchers in better understanding the structural style, stratigraphic framework and trap mechanism of the Miocene to Pliocene Agbada Formation reservoirs in the deep Offshore Niger Delta Basin.

A multidisciplinary approach which involved analyses of calculated variance-based coherence cube, spectral decomposition box probe and root-mean-square amplitude attributes, sequence stratigraphy based well correlation, and structural modeling; were undertaken to achieve these objectives. Studies reveal a massive northwest-southeast trending shale cored detachment fold anticline, with associated normal faults; interpreted to have been folded and faulted by localized compression resulting from a combination of differential loading on the deep-seated overpressured-ductile-undercompacted-marine Akata shale, and gravitational collapse of the Niger delta continental slope due to influx of sediments.

Crestal extension resulting from this localized compression, is believed to have given rise to the synthetic, antithetic and newly observed crossing conjugate normal faults in the study area. This structure is unique to the existing types of principal. Reducing disk storage of full- 3 D seismic waveform tomography F 3 DT through lossy online compression.

Full- 3 D seismic waveform tomography F 3 DT is the latest seismic tomography technique that can assimilate broadband, multi-component seismic waveform observations into high-resolution 3 D subsurface seismic structure models. The strain tensor fields are needed for computing the data sensitivity kernels, which are used for constructing the Jacobian matrix in the Gauss-Newton optimization algorithm. In this study, we have successfully integrated a lossy compression algorithm into our F 3 DT-SI workflow to significantly reduce the disk space for storing the strain tensor fields.

The compressor supports a user-specified tolerance for bounding the error, and can be integrated into our finite-difference wave-propagation simulation code used for computing the strain fields. The decompressor can be integrated into the kernel calculation code that reads the strain fields from the disk and compute the data sensitivity kernels. During the wave-propagation simulations, we compress the strain fields before writing them to the disk. To compute the data sensitivity kernels, we read the compressed strain fields from the disk and decompress them before using them in kernel calculations.

The integration of the lossy online compressor may potentially open up the possibilities of the wide adoption of F 3 DT-SI in routine seismic tomography practices in the near future. In this study, we have successfully integrated a lossy compression algorithmmore » into our F 3 DT SI workflow to significantly reduce the disk space for storing the strain tensor fields.

Environmental considerations for 3 D seismic in Louisianna wetlands. Louisiana swamps have been host to seismic crews for many years. Results from recent 3 D surveys indicate that well planned and executed seismic operations have a minimal and short term impact in these environmentally sensitive wetlands. Pre-planning identifies challenges that require use of improved technology and work procedures.

These include multi-channel radio telemetry recording systems, ramming of dynamite and hydrophones as opposed to drilling, DGPS positioning and coordinated use of Airboats, buggies and helicopters.

In addition to minimal environmental impact, increased data quality, reduced cost and shorter project duration have been achieved as a result of these efforts. Unlike 2Dmore » surveys, where profile positioning is flexible, 3 D surveys involve high density coverage over many square miles operated by numerous personnel.

Survey design includes minimizing repeated traffic and crossing points. Survey operations require environmental participation and commitment from every person involved in the project. This includes a thorough orientation and training program with strong emphasis on environmental sensitivity and awareness.

Close co-ordination between regulatory agencies, clients and the contractor is a key factor in all aspects of the survey planning and operation. Benefits from these efforts are significant, measurable and continue to improve. Local seismic hazard assessment in explosive volcanic settings by 3 D numerical analyses. This work deals with the assessment of local seismic response in the explosive volcanic settings by reconstructing the subsoil model of the Stracciacappa maar Sabatini Volcanic District, central Italy , whose pyroclastic succession records eruptive phases ended about 0.

Heterogeneous characteristics of the Stracciacappa maar stratification, structural setting, lithotypes, and thickness variation of depositional units make it an ideal case history for understanding mechanisms and processes leading to modifications of amplitude-frequency-duration of seismic waves generated at earthquake sources and propagating through volcanic settings. New geological map and cross sections, constrained with recently acquired geotechnical and geophysical data, illustrate the complex geometric relationships among different depositional units forming the maar.

A composite interfingering between internal lacustrine sediments and epiclastic debris, sourced from the rim, fills the crater floor; a 45 meters thick continuous coring borehole was drilled in the maar with sampling of undisturbed samples.

Electrical Resistivity Tomography surveys and 2 D passive seismic arrays were also carried out for constraining the geological model and the velocity profile of the S-waves, respectively. Single station noise measurements were collected in order to define natural amplification frequencies. Finally, the nonlinear cyclic soil behaviour was investigated through simple shear tests on the undisturbed samples.

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